How Logic Relates to Emotion The earlier schools of thought were seen to view emotion as a product of mental process that occurred as a result of stimulus but before the mind could have enough time to analyze the situation fully. They therefore treated emotion as based on intuition than logic. This view changed after. Daniel Schater, (2011) initiated this understanding after developing the two factor theory which viewed emotion as a product of an interplay between intuitive and logical processes. According to him, the physiological process occurs immediately after the perception of a stimulus. Thus the heart will start racing immediately a person sees a snake. However, the feeling part of the emotion only occurs after the person has consciously analyzed the situation. Thus, fear comes as a result of cognitively analyzing and understanding the real danger that is posed by the snake. This theory would help explain the reason children do not fear snakes and will even play with them. If emotion was to be totally an intuitive occurrence, then intuition would make the child develop emotions of fear. Myers (2004) further supports this by relating emotions as products of a conscious judgment process. The person has to be aware that a situation deserves fear and acknowledge the same for the emotion of fear to manifest itself. This theory has been supported by Alter et al., (2007). In his view, there has to be active judgment and evaluation of the situation or the stimulus for the emotional process to be initiated. All kinds of stimuli have to be perceived, and then processed, analyzed and after the judgment process, then emotion occurs. The same stimuli cause different kinds of emotions in the same person. The sight of a wild animal in a... ... middle of paper ... ...aming Bias: A Randomized Trial". J Gen Intern Med 26 (12): 1411–1417. Rusou, Z., Usher, M., & Zakay, D. (2013). Pitting intuitive and analytical thinking against each other: The case of transitivity: Psychon Bull Rev, doi: DOI 10.3758/s13423-013-0382-7 Schneider D, Lam D, Bayliss AP, and Dux PE (2012). Cognitive Load Disrupts Implicit Theory- of-Mind Processing: Psychological Science 2012 23: 842. doi: 10.1177/0956797612439070 Sinclair M. (2010). Misconceptions about intuition: Psychological Inquiry, 21, 378–386. doi: 10.1080/1047840X.2010.523874 Steinberg, L. (2007). Risk Taking in Adolescence: New Perspectives: Brain and Behavioral Science, vol. 16 no. 2, p. 55-59. Stern, E. R., Gonzalez, R., Welsh, R. C., and Taylor, S. F. (2010) Updating Beliefs for a Decision: Neural Correlates of Uncertainty and Underconfidence: The Journal of Neuroscience 30, 23:8032– 8041.
Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. T., & Wegner, D. M. (2010). Psychology. (2nd ed., p. 600). New York: Worth Pub.
Describe the cognitive model as presented by Beck and in class. Use an example from your own life to illustrate the cognitive model.
For instance, Goodall observed during her research that a male gorilla “would threaten [me] with an upward and backward movement jerk of his head.” Some of their emotions are easy to read, while at other times we have to look at multiple places on their faces to understand their feelings. A chimpanzee also uses facial expressions and sounds to communicate with each other, such as hoots and yells. On the contrary, human emotions are more complex than the chimpanzee’s emotions because we have a broad range of emotions to express.
Watson and Rayner were interested in finding out about human responses and emotional reactions, based on conditioned responses. With the main hypothesis explai...
Kahneman’s theory’s breaks down human thought into two systems. Our thought processes that are deliberate, rational and analytical are System 2. This type of thought is one that takes effort and time yet can yield a more accurate picture of a situation. The opposite system, System 1, is fast, quick to judge, superficial and automatic. It relies on instinct and first impression of a situation to make judgments. Kahneman explains the balance between the two systems as the equilibrium of one’s conscious and unconscious thoughts. While System 1 offers quick, apparent information about a situation, System 2 works to put the information in the correct context and fix any errors (44). Kahneman explains that the two modes are not always at work together and at times we rely on one system more in certain situations. For example, highway driving may only require System 1 as very little mental inp...
Watson reasoned that Albert’s lack of visible emotion to his first exposure to the animals was based on ...
Watson, J. B. (1920). Conditioned emotional reactions. The American Psychologist, 55(3), 313-317. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com.southuniversity.libproxy.edmc.edu/
Cases of intuition are of a great diversity, processes by which they happen typically remain mostly unknown to the thinker, as opposed to our view of rational thinking.
In his influential paper “Feeling and Thinking. Preferences need no Inferences” (Zajonc, 1980), he argued for the idea that affect is “precedent to the intellective qualities and elements of experience” (para. 1), and in line with this he put forward several hypothesis to exhibit the supremacy of affect in information processing - in its independence, primacy and automaticity - over cognition. He collected and presented a host of empirical findings to support his argument. Among those, the mere-exposure effect - the experimental evidence for subject’s preferences, or liking, by merely being exposed to certain stimuli without the subjects’ conscious (and thus assumedly cognitive) processing of them, was cited as the supporting evidence for preferential processing of affect before cognition (or “feeling without knowing” as described by Zajonc) (Zajonc, 1980). He also based his argument on the biological assumption that distinctive brain area, specifically the locus coeruleus, was responsible for the processing of affective information, and thus to complete his argument for the independence of the emotion apart from
Emotion is the “feeling” aspect of consciousness that includes physical, behavioral, and subjective (cognitive) elements. Emotion also contains three elements which are physical arousal, a certain behavior that can reveal outer feelings and inner feelings. One key part in the brain, the amygdala which is located within the limbic system on each side of the brain, plays a key role in emotional processing which causes emotions such as fear and pleasure to be involved with the human facial expressions.The common-sense theory of emotion states that an emotion is experienced first, leading to a physical reaction and then to a behavioral reaction.The James-Lange theory states that a stimulus creates a physiological response that then leads to the labeling of the emotion. The Cannon-Bard theory states that the physiological reaction and the emotion both use the thalamus to send sensory information to both the cortex of the brain and the organs of the sympathetic nervous system. The facial feedback hypothesis states that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain about the emotion being expressed on the face, increasing all the emotions. In Schachter and Singer’s cognitive arousal theory, also known as the two-factor theory, states both the physiological arousal and the actual arousal must occur before the emotion itself is experienced, based on cues from the environment. Lastly, in the cognitive-mediational theory
The two factor theory of emotion of Schechter singer states that emotion is based on two factors, psychological arousal and cognitive label. According to the theory when an emotion is felt, psychological arousal occurs and a person looks for cues in the environment to interpret or understand the psychological arousal. The James Lang theory refers to the hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory proposes that instead of feeling and emotion and subsequent bodily response , the psychological change is primary and emotion is experienced when the brain reacts to the information received via the bodies nervous
Another one of Aristotle’s philosophy was regarding the emotion and selective perception that summarized by B.R. Hergenhahn in History of Psychology’s text book (p.56- 57). Aristotle brought the awareness on emotion when he proposed that without emotion, humans could be missing on what is relevant (S.Nancy, 1989). He suggested that emotions influenced and intensified one’s behavior. For instance, people who are afraid tend to run faster after being threatened by a snake as compared to leisurely jogging. When people are angered they have a tendency to pick a fight because emotion can drive one’s motive of action. Anger can be excited from the injury that someone has caused and fear does elicited when facing danger and both happened because of the presence of cognition process. Aristotle added that the emotion cannot be blind feelings but intended by directed states.
Pronin, E., Lin, D. Y., & Ross, L. (2002). The bias blind spot: Perceptions of bias in self
The distance learning environment creates a multitude of challenges that students or instructors do not have to deal with in a brick and mortar classroom. One controversial topic may be that people cannot express their emotions effectively online. Online environments are also complicated to have interactions and establish a presence. Is this really the case though? Is it challenging to show emotion online or have a presence; however, it is not impossible. These topics will be discussed in the following.
R. J. Dolan, Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior, Science 8 November 2002: 298 (5596), 1191-1194. [DOI:10.1126/science.1076358]