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Field Programmable Gate Arrays usage
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Architecture of FPGAs and CPLDs: A Tutorial Abstract This paper provides a tutorial survey of architectures of commercially available high-capacity field-programmable devices (FPDs). We first define the relevant terminology in the field and then describe the recent evolution of FPDs. The three main categories of FPDs are delineated: Simple PLDs (SPLDs), Complex PLDs (CPLDs) and Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). We then give details of the architectures of all of the most important commercially available chips, and give examples of applications of each type of device. 1 Introduction to High-Capacity FPDs Prompted by the development of new types of sophisticated field-programmable devices (FPDs), the process of designing digital hardware has changed dramatically over the past few years. Unlike previous generations of technology, in which board-level designs included large numbers of SSI chips containing basic gates, virtually every digital design produced today consists mostly of high-density devices. This applies not only to custom devices like processors and memory, but also for logic circuits such as state machine controllers, counters, registers, and decoders. When such circuits are destined for high-volume systems they have been integrated into high-density gate arrays. However, gate array NRE costs often are too expensive and gate arrays take too long to manufacture to be viable for prototyping or other low-volume scenarios. For these reasons, most prototypes, and also many production designs are now built using FPDs. The most compelling advantages of FPDs are instant manufacturing turnaround, low start-up costs, low financial risk and (since programming is done by the end user) ease of design changes. The market for FPDs has grown dramatically over the past decade to the point where there is now a wide assortment of devices to choose from. A designer today faces a daunting task to research the different types of chips, understand what they can best be used for, choose a particular manufacturers's product, learn the intricacies of vendor-specific software and then design the hardware. Confusion for designers is exacerbated by not only the sheer number of FPDs available, but also by the complexity of the more sophisticated devices. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the architecture of the various types of FPDs. The emphasis is on devices with relatively high logic capacity; all of the most important commercial products are discussed. Before proceeding, we provide definitions of the terminology in this field. This is necessary because the technical jargon has become somewhat inconsistent over the past few years as companies have attempted to compare and contrast their products in literature. 1.1 Definitions of Relevant Terminology The most important terminology used in this paper is defined below.
NVE Corp. has patents on advanced MRAM designs which include vertical transport MRAM, magnetothermal MRAM, and spin-momentum transfer MRAM. These advanced designs are aimed to resolve the current hindrances of MRAM technology; mainly, lowering manufacturing costs while increasing memory density. Due to MRAM’s more expensive production costs and larger relative size than DRAM and Flash RAM, they are slowly being integrated into electronics devices.
The Sonic PDA will meet the needs of this target market. Consumers today want a device that will be multi-functional, dependable, easy to use, and durable. The Sonic 1000 will meet these needs and perhaps even exceed the consumers’ expectations. The goal of Sonic is to produce the best product that the consumer could need and making a competitive PDA is a top priority. The Sonic 1000 has multiple target markets but the product is designed to be user friendly for all potential users. The older target market is looking for a PDA that is easy to use and navigate. These are needs that are understood and the Sonic 1000 is designed to allow the user a variety of options from menu setup to font size.
More new products need to be introduced and research needs to be done to find out which products will be most popular and profitable.
IDEO faces the decision of whether it should shortcut its product development process to meet a client’s time frame, or request a product launch extension so that IDEO has enough time to carry out a complete development process. IDEO’s client, Handspring, has requested that IDEO create a competitor to the Palm V, which IDEO helped to develop. IDEO faces the task of reconfiguring a palm-like product that meets Handspring’s desire to provide a lower-cost palm product with interchangeable cards and an enhanced design aesthetic that will appeal to a larger customer base. Dennis Boyle, former team leader on the Palm V project and soon-to-be leader on the Visor project, must decide whether or not to commit to Handspring’s short development timespan, which would inevitably lead to development shortcuts.
When searching for the latest device you have a choice between apple, and android. These two are similar but very different. Infact these both have two different operating systems. For instance Apple uses IOS 9, apple phones can use this software. On android the software 5.0 is used. All these phones run different programs, you need to make sure that is the right phone for you. There are many different features and styles of phones you can get. Also these all come at a price. This paper will talk about all these topics to make sure you have an idea on what device you would like to buy.
Wolf, D. (2013), Qualcomm: Cometh the Reaper, [Online], Available on: http://siliconhutong.com/category/hardware-and-silicon/, (Accessed on 2 March 2014).
computer now has transistors the size of eleven atoms. Because of such minuscule scales that
We need to have a range of supplier who can supply us with a range of different products with the most up to date technology this would attract more consumers.
As a graduate student, I will undertake research and coursework in Electrical Engineering to enhance my competencies in this field. I intend to complete my master's degree in order to pursue my doctorate. The research that I am most interested in pursuing at Northeastern University surrounds the optical properties of MEMS devices, and the development of substrate-based fast electro-optical interfaces. My interest in this area stems from my undergraduate study in MEMs development for tri-axial accelerometers.
Pisha, B., & Coyne, P. (2001). Smart from the start. The promise of universal design for
Electrical Engineers research, develop, design, and test electronic components, products, and systems for commercial, industrial, medical, military, and scientific applications (Cosgrove 749). They are concerned with devices that use small amounts of electricity that make up electronic components such as integrated circuits and microprocessors. By applying principles and techniques of electronic engineering they design, develop, and manufacture products such as computers, telephones, radios, and stereo systems (EGOE, 121). Electrical engineers touch everyone lives through the things they have designed or created. Electrical engineers have invented the lights in your house, the television, the stereo, the telephone, computers, and even your doctor’s blood pressure gauge (Stine 300).
My interest in Computers dates back to early days of my high school. The field of CS has always fascinated me. The reason for choosing CS stream was not a hasty decision. My interest started developing in the early stage of my life, when I studied about the invention of computers. The transformation from the large size to small palmtops enticed me to know about the factors responsible for making computers, also the electronic gadgets so small. I was quite impressed after seeing a small chip for the first time in my school days, especially after I learnt that it contained more than 1000 transistors, “integrated circuits”.
In the fast pace world today, almost anywhere you go, you’ll run into some type of technology. New devices and upgrades are happening every day with technology such as computer, cell phones, TVS and even devices used for playing music. When you think about the way devices are now, it’s hard to believe that nearly twenty years ago, none of this was possible. Technology continues to change each and every day, making business, school and even our social lives easier to navigate.
Computers are one of the most popular kinds of electronic devices in the world today. Whether kid or adult, male or female, everyone wants to learn how to operate the computer. People use computers for different purposes such as typing papers, creating websites, making presentations, browsing on the internet, playing games, etc. In fact, many people are still confused about choosing what kind of computer they want to buy. In the world today, there are two types of computers: notebook/laptop and desktop. They both are actually very different in several ways. In this paper, I will compare the size, connectivity, power, and price of notebook and desktop computers. I can make these comparisons because I have both a notebook and a desktop computer in my apartment.
The input and output sections allow the computer to receive and send data, respectively. Different hardware architectures are required because of the specialized needs of systems and users. One user may need a system to display graphics extremely fast, while another system may have to be optimized for searching a database or conserving battery power in a laptop computer. In addition to the hardware design, the architects must consider what software programs will operate the system.