The purpose of this paper is to provide a brief insight into lower extremity and in particular, long bone stress fractures.
A stress fracture or hairline fracture is a fracture of the bone resulting from frequent or repetitive submaximal skeletal loading or inadvertent overuse of a particular bone. Stress fractures usually become apparent when repetitive stress applied to a bone is greater than the capacity of the bone to adapt to the repeated strain or force exerted on it (Pepper et al. 2006 p.4). They commonly occur in the weight bearing bones of the lower limbs or pelvic girdle and are associated with prolonged strenuous activity such as sprinting and jumping and musculoskeletal fatigue, with the onset of symptoms progressively becoming
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The timespan required for healing and bone remodelling is dependent on physiological parameters such as the blood supply of the bone and the site of the fracture (Wood et al. 2014 p.1), as well as a multitude of other contributing factors ranging from treatment and rehabilitation methods to activity level and diet.A fundamental understanding of the pertinent musculoskeletal aspects of normal long bone function is an integral element of accurately determining and examining the substantial physiological changes to human bones when damaged by stress fractures. As outlined by Doblare et al. 2003, bone fractures and the following remodelling and healing processes can only be understood in terms of the underlying bone structure and its mechanical role.This paper will seek to delineate the …show more content…
Simple or closed fractures are a full cortical break of the bone without penetrating the layer of skin, opposed to compound fractures which results in the bone breaking though soft tissues and protruding from the skin. Fractures such as compound and comminuted fractures (the bone shatters into fragments - associated with high impact traumas such as vehicle accidents and gun shot wounds) and also an impacted fracture (the two ends of a fractured bone are forced into each other) are particularly problematic as they could lead to osteomyelitis, a servere bone
Bones are dense and provide support and structure to the body. The two types of bones is compact and spongy bones. Compact bones are dense and tough. Spongy bones are not as dense and are flexable. Bone remodeling occurs n 120-day cycles. Over the first 20 days resorption by osteoclasts occurs. Osteoclasts release proteases, clears away damaged bone, and releases matrix-bound growth factors. Bone formation occurs by osteoblasts over the last 100 days. Osteoblasts fill in bone cavity with bone matrix.
Intra articular fractures of calcaneus occurs following eccentric loading of the talus on the calcaneus.(fig 5.1) The severity, type and location of fracture are determined by the position of the foot, the direction and magnitude of applied force and quality of bone 49.
What is meant by a “complete, comminuted, intertrochanteric fracture of the right hip”? A complete, means that the bone is broken completely through a communication means that the bone has been broken into many pieces and a intertrochanteric means that it involves the greater and lesser trochanter of the femur bone.
Osteoporosis is a condition, which advances with age, resulting in fragile, weak bones due to a decrease in bone mass. Externally osteoporotic bone is shaped like normal bone, however it’s internal appearance differs. Internally the bone becomes porous due to a loss in essential minerals, including phosphate and calcium. The minerals are loss more quickly than they can be replaced and in turn cause the bones to become less dense and weak. The bones become prone to fracture, due to their weakness. Therefore the awareness of the disease tends to occur after a fracture has been sustained. The bones most commonly affected are the ribs, wrist, pelvis and the vertebrae.
The most dangerous fractures are those of the hip especially for elderly people. Studies have found that only about a third of people who get a hip fracture return to normal even after treatment. In fact, about 20 percent of the elderly people who get this fracture die within a year.
Osteoporosis is a serious disease that leads to a faster than normal loss of the bone density, which puts the bone at a higher risk for fractures. In order to understand the causes of Osteoporosis, it is important to understand how bones are formed. Bone is a living tissue that is made mainly of collagen, calcium phosphate, and calcium carbonate. The mixture of collagen and calcium gives the bone strength and flexibility. The body deposits new bones and removes old ones; moreover, there are two types of bone cells that control the reproduction of bones. Cells called osteoclasts breakdown bone tissues thus, damaging the bone. Once the damaged bone is removed, cells called osteoblasts, use minerals including calcium and phosphate from the blood stream to make new healthy bone tissues. In order for osteoblasts and osteoclasts to work properly, hormones such us thyroid, estrogen, testosterone, and growth hormones are
Osteoporosis was first mentioned by Sir Astley Paston Cooper. Other common symptoms include gum disease, tooth decay, premature graying of hair, arthritis, low back pain, leg cramps, and nail growth. Fragility fracture occurs when a person falls from a standing position or a low height and breaks a bone that would not break in a person with a healthy bone. Heritability of bone mass estimated to account for 60-90% of its variance (Kaczkowsi, 2013).
She immediately scheduled an appointment with an ankle specialist, who diagnosed me with hairline fractures throughout my ankle. At this moment, I thought that my career in sports was over as I would never come back from the months spent in a boot, unable to participate in any form of physical activity, and the months of therapy that followed, but I persevered and returned to playing condition before too long. Some people aren’t so fortunate. They sustain career ending injuries which often include soft tissue damage. The problem with injuries like these is not that they will never heal, as many of them will, but the time it takes for them to heal.
This Preusser (2008) case study involves a 75 year old female, S.P., who fell at home and is admitted to the orthopedic ward for an intracapsular fracture of the hip at the femoral neck (p. 183). Assessment data includes her height is 5’3”, weight is 118 lbs, blood pressure...
The bony collar of long bones is the one that is designed to help support the weight of the body and withstand compressive stress.
Fibular fractures may be complete or incomplete fractures. Fibula fractures may occur anywhere along the bone. The fracture we are trying to fixate is a complete fracture. Fractures occur when a force is placed on the bone that is greater than it can withstand, and when a fracture does occur in the fibula, it’s usually at the same time as the tibia. When only the fibula fractures, it is usually because of a direct blow to the side of the leg or an extreme sideways bend at the ankle or knee. Some other common causes of fibular fracture include, direct hit from doing contact sports such as hockey or lacrosse, stress fracture; weakening of the bone from repeated stress, or indirect injury, caused by twisting, turning quickly, or violent muscle contraction. Tripping, falling or impact during an accident are also major causes of fibular
Stable fracture. This includes a single fracture line through one bone, with no injury to ankle ligaments. A fracture of the talus that does not have any movement of the bone on either side of the fracture line (displacement)
Norvell, J. G. (2013, June 11). Tibia and Fibula Fracture Clinical Presentation. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/826304-clinical
Osteoporosis is a disease in which the bones become so weak and brittle that even a cough can cause enough stress on the bone that it will cause the bone to facture. The most commonly broken bones are the hip, wrist, and the spine. Although it affects men and women of all races, post-menopausal Caucasian and Asian women are more commonly affected than those of other ethnicities and sexes. In fact, thirty percent of all post-menopausal women in the US and Europe will be diagnosed with Osteoporosis and at least 40 percent of those will suffer from a fracture in their lifetime.
Eventually, the bone gets weakened, which gets fractured even due to minor injury or fall. So, this type of fracture is called as “pathological fracture”; it's rare symptoms are unintended weight loss, a high temperature and sweating at night time. These rare symptoms are common in Ewing’s sarcoma.