Brucella: Description of Organism: There are several species of Brucella found throughout the world. The majority of which are classified based on phenotypic characteristics and host preferences, despite nearly identical DNA sequences or genomes (Bosilkovski, “Micro”). The reasoning behind this classification is due to the fact that several Brucella species prefer a particular host, such as dogs or cattle. The Brucella species are some of the smallest bacteria in the world. Brucella species’ common characteristics include: gram negative, nonmotile (lack flagella), facultative intracellular, aerobic, lack capsule, lack spores, and are the second smallest gram negative organism to be observed (Bosilkovski, “Micro”). Epidemiology: Given …show more content…
Given the somewhat chronic nature of brucellosis (i.e. most acute forms last around eight weeks, while chronic forms can last up to a year), it is somewhat difficult to diagnose based on clinical evaluations (Bosilkovski, “Clinical”). Laboratory confirmation is crucial to diagnosis, but is somewhat difficult. Brucella species require specific growth factors and mediums to be grown. The majority of which can be grown in the presence of blood, between 35°C and 37°C, and some may require certain levels of carbon dioxide (Bosilkovski, “Micro”). Brucella can be detected rapidly by the Rose Bengal plate culture, which has a greater than 99 percent specificity (Bosilkovski, “Clinical”). For more chronic forms of brucellosis, the Coombs test and Brucellacapt should be used (Bosilkovski, “Clinical). Although as more specific molecular markers are discovered, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and molecular tests may become the go-to diagnostic …show more content…
There are numerous species of Bartonella, which has increased in recent years due to modern DNA analysis techniques, such as PCR and DNA hybridization. Several, once though to be distinct, genus’ and species’ have been re-classified under the Bartonella species, such as the genus Grahamella (Spach, “Basic”). The common characteristics among Bartonella species include: gram negative, pleomorphic morphology, slow growing, some have flagella (important virulence factor) and are fastidious (i.e. require special medium for
Madigan, Michael T. et al. Brock biology of Microorganisms. 13th ed. California: Benjamin Cummings, 2012. Print.
The life cycle of Naegleria fowleri includes three different stages: amoeboid trophozoites, flagellates, and cysts; due to the transitory nature of the microbe and the specific forms that it can take, it is frequently referred to as an amoeboflagellate. Despite its abilities to take on various forms, the amoeboid trophozoite is the only infective stage of the microbe and it requires favorable environmental ...
Though hemoplasmas are generally species specific, morphologically similar infections occur in a variety of other vertebrae species worldwide; reported infections in immunocompromised people also suggest the possibility of zoonotic transmission (Reagan, 30, Allison). In recent reports, an HIV-infected human was discovered to be co-infected with Bartonella henselae and a hemoplasma genetically similar to M. haemofelis; the patient owned five Bartonella spp. positive cats, two of which were positive for M. haemofelis (Allison). Numerous scratch and bite wounds were noted on the human patient, suggesting a route of transmission (Allison).
During the investigation, seven test were used to determine the unknown bacterium as Salmonella typhimurium. “Salmonella typhimurium is a genus of gram-negative, non-lactose fermenting, medium-sized, rod-shaped, bacteria, members of the family Enterobacteriaceae, most species having flagella and pili” (medical-dictionary). This bacterium is known for causing food poisoning. This illnesses usually last 4-7 days. Treatments for the illnesses caused by this bacterium are dependent upon the severity of the symptoms, the age of the patient, and the comorbidities.
B. burgdorferi is a spirochete bacteria in the same family as the bacteria that causes syphilis (“What do Lyme Disease”). It is gram negative and it contains a thin layer of peptidoglycan with a substance similar to LPS on its outer membrane (Todar). There are three genospecies, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto, Borrelia garinii...
MayoClinic. “Salmonella infection.” Infectious Disease. 12 Apr. 2007. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. 19 July 2008. .
Tuberculosis is an air-borne disease, hence, it can be passed from an infected person to a healthy individual through coughing, sneezing and other salivary secretions. Tuberculosis is caused by the transfer of Mycobacteriun Tuberculosis (M. Tuberculosis) also known as Tubercle Bacillus, a small particle of 1-5 microns in diameter, due to the small size, when an infected person sneezes or coughs, about 3,000 particles are expelled. M. Tuberculosis responsible for tuberculosis is able to stay in the air for a long period of time (about 6hoursAnother way of acquiring Tuberculosis is by drinking unpasteurized milk, milk straight from cow, although this is not a common mode of transmission, it can be found in rural areas. Ingestion of contaminated cow milk transmits Mycobacterium Bovis, the animal form which is still potent enough to cause tuberculosis in humans. ). Tuberculosis transmission is affected by exposure, socioeconomic status of person, proximity, immune status of uninfected individual (%&&%&? CDC).
What is viral infectious disease? Generally, viral infectious disease is contagious disease cause by the virus. Wide range of virus will cause viral infectious disease. Viral infectious disease had a very big impact on the practice of dentistry as viruses can spread easily in various routes of transmission, highly contagious and many prevention need to be taken in providing treatment to patient with viral infectious disease. Some of the famous and notable viruses will be in the family herpexviridae, paramyxoviridae, adenoviridae and retroviridae. However, in here, we will only focus on Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS).
Pathogens are organisms that are capable of causing diseases in other organisms and are considered to be ubiquitous. They can be found in water, on surfaces, and on or in humans, plants, and animals. Different pathogens have different signs and symptoms, treatment options, ways of transmission, diagnoses, and prognoses. Chickenpox, also known as varicella, and shingles are diseases caused by the same pathogen and have many of the same characteristics, but are also unique in their own ways.
Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a respiratory tract infection characterized by a violent cough. The violent cough incudes a series of severe uncontrollable coughing, hacking, or whooping. (1) Pertussis is a very contagious disease caused by bacteria named Bordetella pertussis, which is transmitted through fluids from sneezing or coughing around a person’s breathing space. The bacteria release toxins, damage cilia, and cause airways to swell.
Smallpox is a disease from the variola virus. Smallpox has caused an estimated number of 300 million deaths in the 1900s alone. Smallpox is said to have been around since the ancient Egyptian times. The disease was eradicated in the late 20th century and two samples are still kept, one in U.S.A and one in Russia. Smallpox creates bumps and blisters all over the body and has been one of the most fatal epidemics the world has seen.
For centuries, war has broken families and caused scarring both physical and mental. Consequently, the futility of war has been universally accepted and Bruce Dawes powerful poems ‘Weapons Training’ and ‘Homecoming’ reveal this. Dawe creates an Australian insight to the training and consequences of the Vietnam War. The Vietnam War was a long conflict Beginning in 1954 and ending in 1975. More than 3 million people were killed in the tragic War. Dawes ‘Weapons Training’ demonstrates the guidance of an abusive Sergeant whilst ‘Homecoming’ illustrates the shocking consequences and impact of war. Bruce Dawes powerful war poems, paired together, showcase a journey. One filled with harsh and vulgar training whilst the other proves that even training
Clinical manifestations of pertussis in adolescents and adults are often less severe than in infants and children. If previously immunized, a prolonged cough may be the only symptom. Other symptoms may include sputum production, sweating episodes, and sore throat. Complications of pertussis can result in pneumonia or otitis media. A severe cough may contribute to urinary incontinence, rib fracture, lumbar strain, hernia, and rarely stroke, or seizure in relation to hypoxia (Cornia & Lipsky, 2017). Complications of pertussis may be more severe in the elderly, those with other comorbidities, or ones that are immunocompromised.
The Black Plague (1348-1350) was the biggest tragedy Europe has ever faced because of the social and economic downfalls, which caused a huge loss of millions of people due to the terrible disease. The Black Plague was the largest epidemic that Europe has ever seen; it killed off fifty percent of their society all around. The economy was corrupt and it caused inflation. The Black Plague destroyed the social standings within society, and also the origin of why there were so many deaths in Europe.
Engelkirk & Burton (1979) state that bacteria can reproduce asexually by simple division of cells and some bacteria reproduce sexually by conjunction. A bacterium is a waste producer of products and secretions. This allows pathogens to invade their hosts to cause disease some of these harmful diseases are Scarlet fever, an acute illness, characterized by a reddish skin rash, which is caused by systematic infection with the bacterium streptococcus. St. Anthony’s Fire is another bacterial disease. “St. Anthony’s Fire which is an acute superficial form of celluitus involving the dermal lymphatic, usually caused by infection with streptococci and chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, bright red, oedematous.