1. Introduction The shading is the most important causes of vulnerability for the power output of PV module. 5% (for example) of shading on the PV module leads to a decrease in the ability of the module may reach more than 60 or 70% of the module power. This is due to, the connected cells in a string, where the cell with the lowest illumination is the main reason for the reduction of the current series in full. On the other hand, it is possible that the cells become shaded reverse biased, and power dissipation by the rest of the cells of the string, this creates a “hot spots”, which have the thermal potential to destroy the module. That is why on PV modules it should avoid all causes of shading. Shading due to the buildings, chimneys, trees, towers, or even by other parts of the same building. 2. Research 2. 1. Previous Researches Shading, which is located on a cell of a group of cells connected in series string, leads to the reverse bias in these cells, reverse bias and the microplasma breakdown have been explained and described physically by Bishop (1988). a comprehensive analysis have been made of the reverse biased solar cells, and applied to Bishop's model by Kovach (1995), in order to obtain conclusions regarding a hot spot formation and the yield reduction of PV panels. Alonso and Chenlo (1988) gave measurements for crystalline cells and amorphous cells led to a commercially made available. Kovach (1995) again found that the poor PV panel lay-out and under the same conditions of shading leads to a significant energy losses, and even small shadows can significantly affect the return of energy. The researchers also observed that all the solar cell I-U characteristics in reverse bias shows more variation from bias ... ... middle of paper ... ...ctrical behavior of shadowed PV arrays. Firstly, Rauschenbach (1968) presented a mathematical description of the PV arrays shaded. After that, Abete et al. (1989) studied the behavior of solar cells connected in series and parallel, which subjected to partial shade by applying the Bishop's model. Today, the commercial market prospers with a very large number of software tools that could assess the behavior of PV arrays. But not all of them are fit tests solar cell level under reverse biased conditions (Zehner, 2001). RESEARCH QUESTIONS: - How to estimate the reduction in energy yield of partially shadowed PV systems? - How to make changes in system design to make improvement in energy production efficiency? - What are the latest methods that can be adopted to overcome demerits associated with shading? - What are the advantages of using micro inverter ?
The Solyndra Company, founded in 2005 by Christian Gronet, designed, manufactured, and sold a unique type of solar panels. They were termed “solar photovoltaic (PV) systems” and were designed for large, flat to low sloped commercial building roofs. The panels were designed to have the best performance when mounted horizontally and to be installed very close together so that they covered a much higher percentage of the roof top thus producing more electricity than the typical flat panel solar panels by comparison. This was created through the production by absorbing light from all directions including indirect and reflected light as well as direct sunlight when combined with a white roof. This was due to the design of having rolled its copper indium gallium selenite or CIGS into a cylindrical shape. Each tube had 40 of them in each 1-meter-by-2-meter panel (Solyndra, 2008).
The effectiveness of PV module depends on how perpendicular the sunrays fall on the PV. If PV is facing toward the sun, it produces maximum power. Stationary solar panels cannot face toward the sun all day as sun moves. However, maximum radiation depends on two other aspects of stationary solar panels. One is the direction and the other is the tilt angle of the panels. A meter long panels can generate maximum of 1000W, if sunlight strikes directly on it. Few factors affect the sunlight strikes a PV panel. When the sunlight passes through the air, air molecules such as dust, vapor, clouds, volcanoes can absorb some of the radiation. This absorbed part of radiation is known as diffuse solar radiation. Atmospheric conditions have great effect on solar radiation. The solar radiation can decrease 10% to 100% depending on
A Photovoltaic solar cell (PVSC) is an electrical device which converts light from the visible spectrum into direct current (DC) electricity (Honsberg). The International Space Station (ISS) originally used purified silicon solar cells for electrical generation. Silicon cells were primarily used as a result of their relatively light weight and heat conduction properties (Wittry, 2005). In 2001, two 38ft x 239ft solar panels were installed on the ISS. The new cells were multi junction solar cells comprised of gallium indium phosphate on gallium arsenide on germanium. The germanium based cell resists oxidation, unlike its silicon oxide counterpart that experienced degradation in the upper atmosphere due to exposure to oxygen (Wiebusch, 2001). Furthermore, the Silicon based solar cell (deployed on the
First solar, Inc. is an American manufacturer of thin film photovoltaic (PV) modules, better known as solar panels. The company has an opportunity to expand into other regions, making the company more profitable. The company was founded in 1990, by Harold McMasters as Solar Cells, Inc., and it was then purchased by the True North Partners, LLC, who rebranded it as First Solar Inc. First Solar headquarters’ is located in Tempe, Arizona, U.S. The company went public in 2006, trading on the NASDAQ. First solar is ranked as the second largest maker of solar panels modules worldwide. They specialize in manufacturing photovoltaic modules, and also serve as providers of photovoltaic power plants. First solar became the first solar panel manufacturing company to “lower its manufacturing cost to $1 per watt and that has been done through their replacement of crystalline silicon for cadmium telluride as their semiconductor” to create panels (Lynley, 2011). The manufacturing company continues to grow and improve their products as well. We will be exporting our photovoltaic products to the Dominican Republic. The reason we chose to export solar panels to the Dominican Republic is simply because it is one of our smallest products yet the most accessible one.
Before I go in to detail about usage and implementation of solar cells, let me explain just how they work. Solar cells, also known as photovoltaic cells (Photo= light Voltaic=electricity) capture photons, convert them into electrons, and use these electrons to transfer energy to whatever you want to power. To do this, solar cells are made with a material called a semiconductor, which, for solar cells is almost always silicon. When light hits this material, it causes electrons to break loose and flow throughout the material. By placing metal plates on the solar cell, we can capture this flow of electrons, otherwise known as current. Using the equation Power= Volts * Current, you can calculate the voltage output of a cell, which, using silicon, is about 1.1 volts- a 25% or so efficiency.
forms of solar cells made from different materials and in different ways are able to increase the
Solar systems, also known as solar panels, are built to be very efficient and require very little maintenance. Technology has helped to improve the look and construction of the solar panels. The solar systems that are built and installed today have to meet very strict guidelines. “Stringent quality control in the Modern Solar supply chain ensures the quality of solar product installed on your roof is reliable, durable, and of the highest quality standards.” (“Solar Energy Benefits”). These panels are built using “monocrystalline cells that are held together with solder. They are surrounded by a hard, glass cover, polymer EVA sheet and a sp...
The main requirement was to make a cheap solar cell, we wanted our solar cell to be cheap for several reasons. The most important reason was of course our budget this may seem like a disadvantage for us but we are not the only one with this problem. The costs of solar panels are currently too high for the majority of the people ((and most of the time the panels can not even ...
...rket share (Please refer to Figure: 6). The increasing opportunity and market growth is promising in the countries located in sunbelt region like India, China, Mexico and Australia (Please refer to Figure: 7) as all these countries are highly populated and in need of power. By 2020, demand for solar installation will reach to 84 GW globally and China alone could add up-to 10 GW of PV installations each year, as announced by the Chinese authorities (global market outlook).
Solar Photovoltaic power is one of the rapid growing energy sources in the world. The need for energy security and stability is driving governments across the world to promote and develop renewable power sources. The global solar Photovoltaic market witnessed high growth in 2009 and 2010, with 24,600 MW of installed capacity coming online in these two years compared to the 8,912 MW installed in 2007 and 2008. Cumulative installed capacity increased from 16,127 MW in 2008 to 40,727 MW in 2010. Europe is the leading solar PV market, with a share of 76% of the total cumulative installed capacity, followed by the Asia-Pacific region, accounting for a share of 16.0% in 2010.
In the Valley of the Sun, where cloudy days are few and far between, one would think rooftop solar is a great way to reduce or eliminate your utility bill. This paper will focus on three aspects of deploying rooftop solar: cost, efficiency, and permitting. For those thinking of pulling the trigger on this popular energy saving option please read on.
The unsustainable nature of fossil fuels as an energy source, from the point of view of future availability and environmental impact, has spurred an interest in diversification of energy sources, with particular interest in renewable energy. The photovoltaic (PV) industry is a player...
Some say that solar panels can be very costly. Even though the sun is a free resource the cost to building it is expensive. Solar power is only effective during daytime, but the demand for the energy, it is continuous...
Today, solar power has become part of our daily lives. Appliances like solar notebooks, solar air-conditioners, solar cars, etc. demonstrate the use of the sustainable power of the sun. As the adverse effects of burning of fossil fuels and the depletion rate of non-renewable energy sources increase, the future of solar energy looks bright. The problem with renewable sources of energy is that they are not easily predictable in advance and vary based on both weather as well as site specific conditions.
Solar power is one of the renewable energy resources that was develops to replace the fossil fuel. It was one of the most convenient and clean energy resources that are available in the earth. The solar power operations involve the conversion of sun power to electric power with the use of photovoltaic cell. The whole process is clean and will not produce pollutant to environment. In 2011, the International Energy Agency encourages all countries to develop solar power technologies. They emphasis that the early development investment cost should not be cut down and the research should be shared among the countries as solar power technologies brings huge global long terms benefits toward mankind. Such an advantages include: increase the countries energy security as solar power is a free and inexhaustible resources that can be obtain from the sun, reduce the pollutant toward the environments, and decrease the energy dependent toward fossil fuels which will lower the price of fossil fuel. These energy resources are the mos...