Introduction
Natural rubber latex or commonly abbreviated as NRL is a liquid milky sap which was tapped from Hevea brasiliensis, trees which were originally from region of South America. It has rubber content of 33% which was suspended in 65% of water and contained 2% of protein. NRL is chemically known as 1,4-cis-polyisoprene. Production of NRL has grown rapidly and its main used was as manufacturing of gloves [1]. In order to improve mechanical properties of these products, several studies had been done using silica, calcium carbonate, montmorillonite (MMT), kaolin as fillers to reinforce vulcanizates [2-5].
Kaolin is one of clay material that is widely used in certain field of applications. It is categorized as minerals with chemical composition Al2Si2O5(OH)4 and has silicate mineral layer with one of tetrahedral sheet joined to one of octahedral sheet via oxygen atom. Kaolinites have high shrink-swell and low cation exchange capacity. They have varieties of chemical composition depend on physical and chemical changes to environment where they were discovered. The main fact of kaolin utilization in industry is due to its surface reactivity and properties which were able to be modified [6]. From previous study done by Yahaya et al, it is observed that kaolin could be treated further by modifying its surface with oil tea seed results in organo modified kaolin [5].
In this study the kaolin is modified by alkanolamide, derived from oleochemicals materials, Refinery Bleach Deodorant Palm Stearin (RBDPS). It is expected that alkanolamide could role as compatibilizer between kaolin and NRL matrix since alkanolamide is usually used as non-ionic surfactants in the household and cosmetic industries [7]. Keamkumay et al in his research u...
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...al Properties of Kaolin Clay, Applied Science Research (2012), 4(2), 792-794.
[7] A.Adewuyi, R.A. Oderinde, B.V.S.K.Rao, R.B.N. Prasad, Synthesis of Alkanolamide: a Nonionic Surfactant from the Oil of Gliricidia sepium, J. Surfact Deterg (2012, 15), 89-96.
[8] I.Surya, H.Ismail, A.R. Azura, Alkanolamida as an accelerator, filler-dispersant and a plasticizer in silica-filled natural rubber compounds. Polymer Testing (2013), doi: 10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.07.015.
[9] D.C. Blackley, Polymer Latices Science and Technology. Second Edition. Volume 3: Applications of Latices. Chapman & Hall : London, 1997, pp.191.
[10] D.C. Blackley, Polymer Latices Science and Technology. Second Edition. Volume 2: Types of Latices. Chapman & Hall : London, 1997, pp.457-458
[11] P.A. Ciullo, S. Robinson, Kaolin clay: Functional Optical Additives, Paint & Coatings Industry, 2003, pp.42.
The purpose of this experiment was to create a polymer by reacting a mixture of decanedioyl dichloride and dichloromethane with a mixture of water, 1,6-hexadiamine and sodium carbonate. Specifically, we created the polymer Nylon-6,10. Nylon-6,10 polymers are used in a vast majority of things we use in everyday life such as zippers, the bristles in brushes, and even car parts. This experiment was different from the industrial method of making nylon because that takes place at a much higher temperature. A polymer is a substance that has a structure made of similar or identical units bonded together. All polymerizations fall into two categories: step-growth and chain-growth (both of which we used to form our polymer). Step growth polymerization
On September 7th and 14th of 2000 my lab partners and I conducted the polystyrene bead molding project. My lab partners are Josh Dick, Mike Ward, and Keith Matlock, and we conducted the procedure in room W126 of the Kansas Technology Center. We were to attempt to make polystyrene bead molds using two different methods. In theory we would be able to perform the bead molding.
rapid development of polymer chemistry after World War II a host of new synthetic fibers
All polymer host has some major advantages for which their application in electrochemical devices are still continuing. Also these polymer have some disadvantages and to improve the
A group of polymer chains can be organised together in a fiber. How the polymer chains are put together is important, as it improves the properties of the material. The flexibility, strength and stiffness of Kevlar fiber, is dependent on the orientation of the polymer chains. Kevlar fiber is an arrangement of molecules, orientated parallel to each other. This orderly, untangled arrangement of molecules is described as a “Crystalline Structure”. A manufacturing process known as ‘Spinning’ is needed to achieve this Crystallinity structure. Spinning is a process that involves forcing the liquefied polymer solution through a ‘die’ (small holes).
Figures 3a-d show the effect of polymerization time on %GY (Fig. 3a) ; %GE (Fig. 3b); %TC (Fig. 3c) and %HP (Fig. 3d) at four different temperatures ( 50 0 ; 60 0 ; 70 0 and to 80 0C ). It is evident that , as the reaction time became longer , all polymer yield , except %GE , increased. The polymerization time corresponds to 180 min. brought about the maximum percentages for the positively dependence of polymer criteria.
They are amorphous or solely moderately crystalline once injection shaped, but the degree of crystallinity will be abundant redoubled for fiber and film applications by orientation via mechanical stretching. The two most vital polyamides poly(hexamethylene adipamide) Nylon 6,6 and polycaprolactam Nylon 6. Both have wonderful mechanical properties together with high impact strength, high flexibility, high tensile strength, good resilience and low creep. They are straightforward to dye and exhibit wonderful resistance to wear due to a low constant of friction. Both amides have a high melting temperature (500 - 540 K) and glass transition temperature reports in excellent mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. For example, the heat rebound temperature of PA-6, 6 is usually between 180- 240°C that exceeds those of polycarbonate and polyester. They also have excellent resistance to fungi, oils, bases, etc. The main limitation is that the strong wet sensitivity water acts as a plasticizer and therefore the ensuring changes in mechanical properties. For example, the tensile strength of moist polyamide is 50% below that of dry polyamide. Another important polyamide is Nylon 6,12. It is less hydrophilic than Nylons 6,6 and 6 due to the larger range of chemical group of methylene within the compound backbone. For this reason, it has better dimensional
Clive Maier, Theresa Calafut. 1998. ‘Polypropylene: The Definitive User's Guide and Databook’. USA: William Andrew Inc.
Since the early 1900’s, many different plastics have been developed, each having a special characteristic or advantage that makes it good for various purposes. Some plastics stood heat better, while some withstood shock better. Some could be spun into thread from making fabrics such as nylon. In 1938, Du Pont publicly announced the new synthetic fiber, nylon. The memo, that went out announcing nylon, defined “Nylon is the generic name for all materials defined scientifically as synthetic fiber-forming polymeric amides having a protein-like chemical structure; derivable from coal, air and water, or other substances and characterized by extreme toughness and strength and the peculiar ability to be formed into fibers and into various shapes such as bristles, sheets, etc” (138, 139).
Rubber is an important resource with a wide variety of applications. It can be obtained
The Company manufactures varieties of superior grade China Clay for diversified applications such as pigments, extender, filler and as raw material in different industries. Superior Coating Grade Kaolin is produced under the trademarks ‘Supercoat’, ‘Higloss’, ‘Hibrite’ and ‘BCK’ in the form of lumps, powder, and pre-dispersed Spray Dried Powder, Filler and Coating Grade Clay under trade mark ‘KCG’ as lumps, powder, and pre-dispersed Spray Dried Powder. Calcined Clay, used as a substitute for Titanium Dioxide in Paints, Paper, Detergents, and other grades, is also manufactured by EICL to cater to niche markets.
This active sulphurating agent reacts at the allylic sites of the rubber polymer unsaturations to form a rubber bound intermediate, which reacts with another rubber bound intermediate or with another polymer chain to generate a crosslink. The exact activator role of ZnO is highly dependent on the type of accelerator present in the initial vulcanisation system.
Rubber on exposure to air or sun light produces cracks, and if any tensile stress is applied the cracks appears clearly. To avoid these cracks so far it has been known to use the antioxidants from amines and those from wax. Usually amines are subjected to a chemical reaction selectively with ozone and consumes the ozone in the surface layer of rubber to prevent the rubber from aging under statical or dynamical conditions, whereas wax incorporated in a rubber exudes to the surface to form a thin film, which prevents the rubber from contacting with ozone to produce an antioxidizing effect, particularly under statical conditions. Moreover, generally the above two kinds of agents are used together at the same time. The antioxidant wax for rubber relates to the latter, namely, the statical antioxidant [27].
Polymers popularly coined as “plastics” have proved their importance in different areas like FMCG, pharma, automobiles, etc. Plastics are versatile materials with unique properties like high strength to weight ratio, good aesthetics; good Processability, balanced engineering properties and optimum cost led its entry into medical
My main aim during my undergraduate studies was to get an overview of the various fields in chemical engineering and identify a field of interest in which I could pursue my research career. Because of their vast applications, Materials & Polymer Sciences, in general, have attracted m...