Summary
Study of heat transfer in a gun barrel during firing is important for various reasons like estimating cook off temperature and erosion of barrel. This report assesses the heat transfer in a 155mm gun barrel with and without cooling channel using finite element analysis. The analysis was carried out using Pro/Mechanica software. The problem is modelled as a 2 D axisymmetric problem and convective loads and symmetry boundary conditions were used.
The analysis was carried out in two phases. Firstly heat transfer without cooling channel in the barrel was carried out with convective heat transfer. The temperature across the wall along with the temperature gradient across the thickness is assessed. Secondly analysis was carried out for the barrel with cooling channels. In order to reduce the barrel temperature the cooling channels are drilled across the length of the barrel. The water is forced through these cooling channels, so as to take away the heat transferred from the firing. The temperature and temperature gradient in the barrel thickness was assessed. The effect of the cooling channel can be seen from the reduced outer wall temperature. The appropriate convergence criterion and optimum mesh size was selected in each case, so as to give an optimum solution. The outer wall temperature in first phase
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Initially 3 D models were provided for the barrel without and with cooling channels. While running the analysis the models were converted to a 2 D models. Thus, the problem is converted to a 2 D axi-symmetric problem. Two dimensional heat transfer analysis of a barrel was carried out using Pro/Mechanica FEM software. Initially, the analysis was carried out for the barrel without cooling channel and then barrel with cooling channels. The following steps were followed during each analysis
Upon selecting two stocks to compare against the S&P 500 index, Molson Coors Brewing Company (TAP) and Smith and Wesson Holding Corporation (SWHC) were chosen.
The data which was collected in Procedure A was able to produce a relatively straight line. Even though this did have few straying points, there was a positive correlation. This lab was able to support Newton’s Law of Heating and Cooling.
Guns have been apart of my life for as long as I can remember. When I was about six years old my dad came home one day and took me into the back yard. He told me he had something for me and that I needed to be vary careful with it. After I agreed to only using it while he was there to make sure I used it safely, he gave me my vary own BB gun. After a quick safety lesson it was time to start shooting, I had even drawn a target onto a cardboard box. After a few years of shooting and a few thousand BB’s later my dad took me out on my grandparents ranch. After a more serious talk about safety he gave me my first real gun. It wasn’t anything special just a little bolt-action .22 caliber rifle but it was a real gun. My collection of guns has grown over the years but I still shoot that .22 rifle to this day. Since I was younger I always wanted a lever action rifle. So when I turned eighteen I started looking to buy one. I though it was going to be simple just find a lever action and buy it, but as soon as I began to search I realized that it was not that simple. I saw that there are multiple different types of guns from all different time periods. I know the basics about guns but I do not know the details of their history.
When thinking of a business to start, I was looking for something that I felt had a chance to succeed along with something that would have a positive effect on the community. This part of the state in particular, is filled with hunters and gun enthusiasts. To go along with that, there has been a push for more control due to the numerous unfortunate events of gun related deaths that were the result of being uneducated about proper gun safety and proper gun handling. With that being said, I believe that a rifle range that would include more than just aiming at targets would have a lot of upside in the community.
In Firearms: A Global History to 1700, Kenneth Chase investigates why Europe perfected firearms when the Chinese invented them. Kenneth Chase is an attorney at law who received his PhD in East Asian Languages and Civilizations from Harvard University. He uses primary sources in the form of texts and paintings as well as secondary sources in this monograph to trace the origin and spread of firearms. He also uses these sources to characterize militaries and determine why they used or did not use firearms. Chase dismisses the notion that the discrepancy between Eastern and Western firearms development was the result of cultural aversion. If anything, he argues that Europeans were more averse to firearms due to its association to Satan and a general
Heat transfer from high temperature heated surfaces finds considerable application in engineering. Because of its large number of applications in industries, considerable efforts have been made by researchers to investigate various aspects of the heat transfer and its fundamental principles involved. Fluid flow problems involving heat transfer viz. in presence of convention and radiation represents an idealization of many meaningful problems in engineering practice. Due to the presence of higher level of temperature required in many system like boiler, nuclear reactor; the effect of radiation heat transfer increases. So, there becomes a need of including radiative effect of the participating medium and also their boundary conditions. Keeping this in mind, an attempt was made to investigate the heat transfer in the Indian Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor (IPHWR) during Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA) with low steam flow. This study will help in estimating the safe working limits for the heat dissipation in the reactor.
According to Michael Duffy, the machine gun was invented by Sir Hiram Maxim (1840-1916). He created the machine gun in his name. He signed up for and got the first of several patents when he was 26 years old for a hair curling iron which was followed by a machine that made helpful gas and engine headlight. He was given a job by the Electric Lighting Company of the United States which he served in the ability of chief engineer. While he was there he created a technique of making carbon thread. He then relocated to London and started to play around with issues related with the creation and production of automatic guns. This lead to his most famed innovation the Maxim Machine Gun he revealed in 1884. His machine gun design consisted of a plain, smart model, gas made by powder explosion in the holder of the gun which created a shrinking to control the gun machinery and no outer power needed. The original creation was for water to cool off and fed through a belt which permitted for no certain amount of fire for at least 600 rounds per minute; in 1891 he developed a smokeless holder and powder that upgraded the usefulness of the machine gun. Maxim also sold his new gun to the British and their army but there were a lot in the military’s high command that could not see the use of an everyday weapon in the war, but other armies voiced fascination in purchasing his gun like Germany. He accepted a knighthood or a rank from Queen Victoria in 1901. Due to his knighthood, his company (the Maxim Gun Company) later engaged into Vickers Ltd (British engineering) and became a director and also invented the Vickers machine gun. This gun became known as the standard issue weapon of its kind in the British military through the World War 1. Sir Hiram...
...he principle numbers of Froude, Reynolds and Weber. Mathematical model predicts the heat and mass transfer in numerical framework for both transports phenomena of relevance to the industry continuous casting tundish system. Additionally, it has an excellent agreement outlet temperature respond the step input temperatures in the inlet stream of water in the tundish model. The simulations of 8x8 grid and 16x16 grid are applied to obtain significant difference between the TAV maps in which both grids are computed by software represent the specific flow of the fluid in the model and the steel caster as the actual size system. Therefore, the physical and mathematical modeling is used as a guidance to build a model before the prototype is constructed in terms of calculation, measurement and determination of specific fluid flow, heat and mass transfer in the water model.
Shooting is a popular activity and it is enjoyed by many people, so much so that it is also done at a competitive level. Although many people may have shot a firearm of some sort, few of those people actually realize how much physics is involved with the shot.
... model for the thermodynamics and fluid mechanics calculations for this system need to be presented.
A firearm, in the most basic form, consists of a barrel, an action, a firing mechanism, a stock and a sighting device. No matter the form of the firearm, the same basic principles of physics and chemistry apply. The study of these principles is called ballistics. There are three types of ballistics, internal, external, and terminal. Internal ballistics is the study of the flight of a projectile inside a firearm. External ballistics is the study of the flight of a bullet after leaving the muzzle and until it hits the target. Terminal ballistics is the study of the effects of a projectile on a given target. Because this essay deals with the flight of the bullet, terminal ballistics will not be discussed.
Next Dalton’s law of partial pressure is used. The mixture of gas in the graduated cylinder was filled with two things: water vapor and air. Using the Dalton’s law, it can be concluded that the total pressure is equal to the pressure of air and the pressure of water vapor added together. This is an endothermic reaction which means that it absorbs heat, and when a reaction gains heat, it is repres...
War. Conflict. Famine. Pestilence – these are the four horsemen of Apocalypse as the people in the mid-ages imagined them. They stormed through countries and cities, leaving thousands dead, injured, frightened or crying behind. The first two – the most merciful ones, or to be more precise, the fatal tools they use to make their evil deeds are the subject of my essay. To be precise, I’m going to speak about the types of modern firearms - the ones that a single man can handle and which fire bullets – very simple, easy-to-use and deadly.
John Moses Browning who is often referred to as the “Father of modern firearms” was born in Ogden, Utah on January 23, 1855. The younger John Browning was well suited for his soon to be chosen field of firearms manufacturer as his father Johnathan had been a gunsmith for many years with many original firearm designs of his own. This afforded John Browning the opportunity to be exposed to the art of gunsmithing early on, and his ingenuity and God given abilities were quickly compounded by the invention of the metallic cartridge. The initial effort was to improve the rugged firearms of the day that were used for hunting big game that were so bountiful at the time and made up a large component of life. John’s inventions developed from there and included all facets of firearm manufacturing; his designs dominate the field even in the present day. John M. Browning’s contribution to firearm design arguably influenced more firearm designs than any other firearm inventor, and played a key role in influencing the outcome of wars from the First World War up to the present day war on terror.