PM1 indeed should be regulated. A number of studies of PM1 have been conducted about its component and environment1, climate and health effects2, and heterogeneous atmospheric proceses3. PM1 means the air particles with the aerodynamic diameter less than 1 μm. As we know, accumulation mode (size ranges from 0.05 to 2 μm) takes up the largest portion of aerosols in urban aerosols. In Zhao and Gao’s research4, PM1.8 could even accounted for ~68% of the mass concentration of PM10. Fine aerosol particles have been found mainly contribute play the important role in air pollution problems, in health hazard and in global climate change5.
Comparing with PM10 and Pm2.5, PM1 is able to reach deeper he deeper part of the respiratory system6. Several studies
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And The sampling site should be set on the downwind direction of highway. However, if possible, grid point sampling can also be utilized to analysis the diffusion process of pollutants. The height of sampler should be higher than ~3m from ground to avoid the impact of resuspended particles.
Samples: Traffic emission is a pollution source of atmosphere, such as EC (element carbon), OC (organic carbon), iron and metal9,10. For measurement for traffic-generated air pollution. Considering the main components of traffic-generated air pollutants. We will mainly focus on analysis the main components of traffic emission, the inorganic and organic constitution of particles and the concentrations of gas phase pollutants, such as carbon monoxide, nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide and ozone. In that case, several sampling methods will be utilized.
(1) For analyzing inorganic trace element, like iron, lead and aluminum, total suspended particles will be collected on Whatman 41 filters by a high-volume sampler. The method of sampling and filter pretreatment procedure will follow Morton’s
There are six common pollutants in the air, which include ozone, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, and lead. These pollutants led to many different symptoms across the United States. Ozone pollution leads to impaired respiratory system. Particulate matter affects respiratory systems, causes cancer, and premature death. Carbon monoxide affects the bloodstream and reduces oxygen to the body’s organs. Nitrogen oxide causes influenza. Sulfur dioxide effects respiratory illness and pulmonary defenses. Lead causes effects in the liver,
Ultrafine particles can be defined as nano-sized particles which is less than 100nm. However, it is not manufactured purposely and not inevitably exist in a constant size. It is also known to be appeared by friction or combustion process, natural process in the air or water. (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2013). Besides that, ultrafine particles can be described as the smallest fraction in a scale of airborne particles with diameters ranging from a few nanometers to several nanometers. Even they are small particles in size, they are dominant contributors to particle number even it is capable to contribute little to the mass of particulate matter in ambient air. (Health Effects Institute, 2013). They are also represent about 80% of particles in terms of number concentration in an urban environment (Morawska et al., 1998). There are variety of sources of ultrafine particles. According to Cess et al (2000), the major sources of ultrafine particles is from combustion process which is comprised of vehicle emission, stationary sources fuel combustion, non-highway mobile sources such as diesel off-road vehicles, and other mixed emission from open
In an era of rising technology and increasing population, demands on the environment are continually being pushed to new levels. As a result, it becomes important for us to expand our knowledge about the environment and take appropriate actions to protect this element of most importance to human existence. One component of our environment experiencing some of the greatest abuse due to humans is the air. Air pollution has been on the rise ever since the beginning of industrialization. The climbing number of factories and use of cars worldwide are the major culprits of this environmental hazard. There are various gases released into the air that can be considered air pollutants, but one of the most prevalent and dangerous to the environment is carbon dioxide (CO2). Up to 95% of the CO2 produced is the result of natural processes (Burnett & Matthews Jr., 1998). The rest is a direct result of human activity, primarily through the burning of fossil fuels in the production of energy
...per cubic meter of air, they found. While people who smoke may also live in more polluted areas, the large group of the studies showed that even so, pollution can raise even a non-smoker’s risk of cancer.
The EPA classified the Metropolitan Washington, D.C. region (including Alexandria) as a severe non-attainment area for the 1-hour ozone standard. Particulate matter that remains suspended in the air and consists of solid particles or liquid droplets. PM emissions include everything from carbon to dust. The greatest threat to public health are those particles small enough (PM2.5) to be inhaled into the deepest parts of the lung. (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1448005/
Air then travels to the bronchioles which are narrow (bronchoconstriction) due to the natural defence in keeping irritants out of the airway, causing wheezing breath sounds.(Eldridge, 2016) The air then proceeds to the alveoli, which are weakened and damaged air sacs due to the progression of the disease, that are unable to efficiently move O2 into the blood stream and gas exchange CO2 to be expelled through exhale, causing hypoxemia, lethargy, dyspnoea and high CO2 reading. (“Lung conditions - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD),”
For clarity, PM2.5 are air pollutant particles that when measured can signify how dangerous the level of pollution is to the average person. By analyzing the graph, it can be seen that the lowest range of AQI values is from 0 to 50, which signify that the air in an area has little to no air pollutants and poses no significant risk to health. Conversely, the highest range of AQI values 301-500, which signify that the air in an area has a large amount of air pollutant and poses a serious health risk. Additionally, a value of 500 or greater is “Beyond Index”. In layman’s terms, any value above this 500-value threshold would be off the charts and even greater than values already shown to signify the presence of a dangerous amount of air pollutants.
One of the most dangerous environment issues Southern California is facing today is air pollution. This includes the burning of fossil fuels and natural disasters. Los Angeles is one of the most polluted cities in the world, and the most polluted city in the United States. I will research information about the causes, the effects, and the history of air pollution in the Los Angeles. For my research, I have relied mostly on, the school’s database and library, as well as current events.
Until 10 years ago, air pollution was thought to be just an urban or local problem until it was discovered that the pollutants could move across continents and oceans. Air pollution is the fundamental factor that causes greenhouse gases, hence climate change and global warming. Air pollutants are the waste products generated from industrial and other processes. They usually come in gases, though aerosols (particles suspended in air, emitted as or formed by transformatio...
In conclusion, air pollution affects the immune system, making it weak and vulnerable to certain bacteria, illnesses, viruses and foreign invaders. Common diseases that are affected the most include asthma and allergies. Air pollution in general has been seen to modify the immune system's handling of particular allergens. The exposure to toxins like dioxin can cause serious health problems for people. Having long-term exposure to this toxin is connected to weakening of the immune system, as well as the nervous system, endocrine system and certain reproductive functions. Hence, everyone has a particular level and exposure of dioxins in the body. Improving air quality is the key answer to avoiding any type of development of disease, but it is a long term goal that will require the help and commitment at the national and global level.
Air pollution has become very costly environmental problem in terms of both human lives and in terms of billions of dollars lost for health-care expenditure and crop damage.
Air pollution is a type of pollution that can severely damage our environment as well as the earth’s atmosphere. Air pollution occurs all the time when the air contains many substances ...
Warmer global temperatures affect farming, wildlife, sea levels and natural landscapes. The effects of car pollution are widespread, affecting air, soil and water quality. Nitrous oxide contributes to the depletion of the ozone layer, which shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide mix with rainwater to create acid rain, which damages crops, forests and other vegetation and buildings. Oil and fuel spills from cars and trucks seep into the soil near highways, and discarded fuel and particulates from vehicle emissions contaminate lakes, rivers and wetlands. Air pollution from cars and trucks is split into primary and secondary pollution. Primary pollution is emitted directly into the atmosphere; secondary pollution results from chemical reactions between pollutants in the atmosphere. The following are the major pollutants from motor vehicles: Particulate matter (PM), Hydrocarbons (HC), Nitrogen oxides (Nix), Carbon monoxide (CO), Sulfur dioxide (SO2), Hazardous air pollutants (toxics), Greenhouse
they create many breathing and heart conditions like cancer and other threats in the body, that is why children who are exposed through air pollutants are most likely to have pneumonia and asthma.
Many cities are currently affected by air pollution and Hong Kong is one example. Hong Kong’s air pollution level often exceeds the recommended air pollution level put out by the World Health Organization, and Hong Kong’s pollution index was at “very high” meaning that it exceeded 101, for 34% of the time (Hunt, 2011). Another example, when Hong Kong excee...