Introduction We observe, more often than not, large differences between the incomes of different regions within the same country. The same is observed even between towns within a state, districts within a city, areas within district and so on and so forth. While reasons for such differences are more obvious at national and sub national levels, they become more complex as and when we get to smaller and smaller zones. This has caught the attention of many in the past and has generated enormous amounts of literature. Most theories have sought the help of ‘economic geography’ and its diversity to explain such incomes differences. We shall try and look at some of these explanations in the context of regional development. An attempt to explain regional differences takes us back to the early 1900’s when sub-national and regional issues began to assume greater importance . Historically, the state had been instrumental in shaping up the geography of regions in the developing world. The era of the late 1900’s saw a paradigm shift when the state settled down to play less of an interventionist role, with more freedom handed over to the free market forces in the economy. Chakravorty (2000) employs this paradigm shift in explaining the regional development theory in the pre-reform and the post-reform era. 1) Cumulative Causation by Myrdal (1957) and Kaldor (1960) The concept of cumulative causation simply means whatever happens in the past, continues into the future. In other words, a few historical events set a momentum for a certain phenomenon to continue into the future. For instance, the location of a new factory in the region will attract more investment and more employment in that factory and in ancillary and service industries in ... ... middle of paper ... ...nomic Geography and Urban Studies, Temple University, Philadelphia, USA Datt, Gaurav and Ravallion, Martin (2002), “Is India’s Economic Growth Leaving the Poor Behind?”, The Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vl. 16, No. 3 (Summer, 2002), pp. 89-108 Krugman. Paul (1991), “Increasing Returns and Economic Geography”, The Journal of Political Economy, Vol. 99, No. 3. (Jun., 1991), pp. 483-499. Krugman, Paul (1994), “Complex Landscapes in Economic Geography”, The American Economic Review, Vol. 84, No. 2, Papers and Proceedings of the Hundred and Sixth Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association (May, 1994), pp. 412-416 Srinivas MN (1966), “Social Change in Modern India”, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol 1, No. 3 (Sep. 3, 1966), pp. 119-120 Taylor, Cook et al. (2003), “Financial Services Clustering and Its Significance for London”, Corporation of London
Polese, Mario. "Regional Economics." The Canadian Encyclopedia. HISTORICA FOUNDATION, 02 July 2006. Web. 13 Mar. 2014.
Thus, the heartland-hinterland concept distinguishes raw-material and staple-producing hinterlands from the capital service industrial heartland and reveals the metropolis or dominating city of the system. At a national scale, the Canadian metropolis is Toronto, and the region with the most influence is the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Lowlands. But while immense influence radiates outward from the metropolis located in the heartland, the relationship between hinterland and heartland is one of intimate mutual dependency. In modern Canadian economics, neither region can exist without each other, and the well-being of one directly affects the other. These two regions show remarkable contrasts, yet they are to a large extent interdependent on each other, clearly suggesting that the heartland-hinterland distinction is quite relevant in terms of Canada's economic geography.
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Though the world economy as a whole has grown in recent years, a factor that is not taken into account is that the number “of the poor in the world has increased by 100 million” (Roy 3). In other words, the gap between rich and poor is widening. For India, this has startling implications. Though it is a nation that is developing in many ways, it also is a nation blessed with over one billion citizens, a population tally that continues to grow at a rapid rate. This population increase will greatly tax resources, which can create a setback in the development process. The tragedy, of course, is that the world is full of resources and wealth. In fact, Roy quotes a statistic showing that corporations, and not even just countries, represent 51 of the 100 largest economies in the world (Roy 3). For a country struggling to develop, such information is disheartening. However, there is also a more nefarious consequence of the growing disparity between rich and poor, and power and money being concentrated in the hands of multinational corporations: war is propagated in the name of resource acquisition, and corruption can reign as multinationals seek confederates in developing countries that will help companies drive through their plans, resulting in not only environmental destruction but also the subversion of democracy (Roy 3).
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The rapid growth rates in Singapore can be attributed to the various economic and political factors such as the role of the state, debacles between states and countries and effect of the international environment. What we expect is that, at the end of an influential dispute there will be many changes in the international environment which may end, leading to huge effects related to globalization in production. Singapore is a unique city-state without a rural population (Shatkin, 2014). The implication is that it will be difficult to understand the difference in the situation between rural and urban sector, which are important prerequisites in the study of...
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...an HDI of 0.36. These discrepancies in levels of development have led to an exodus of people, from less developed areas to the areas that have been benefitted by development. This situation seems to depict that predicted by the Dependency theory in which the developed countries progressed due to the exploitation of peripheral nations; the same seems to be happening in India. The states that are wealthier are exploiting the poorer states. It would be difficult to imagine India having the economic status that it now has, if it was not for the terrible working conditions and wages at which the Indians are willing to work and the massive work force available in the country. Now that India has seen economic growth the government should start taking care of its citizens by implementing policies that protect the labor rights of the workforce.
Economic growth is the most effective instrument for reducing poverty and enhancing the quality of life in developing countries. The benefits brought about from economic growth is strong growth and business opportunities enhance incentives. This may lead to the rise of a strong and growing group of entrepreneurs, which should generate pressure for enhanced administration. Strong economic growth therefore advances human development, which in turn promotes economic growth. But, under different conditions, comparative rates of development can have altogether different consequences for neediness, the occupation prospects of poor people and more extensive pointers of human development. The extent to which growth decreases neediness depends on the extent to which the poor take an interest in the growth process and share in its returns (Riley, G.
“India was a latecomer to economic reforms, embarking on the process in earnest only in 1991, in the wake of an exceptionally severe balance of payments crisis”(Ahluwalia 2002).The idea being simple ,there was a need to ...
Nicholas B Dirks. (1989). The Invention of Caste: Civil Society in Colonial India: Social Analysis. The International Journal of Social and Cultural Practice. No. 25, pp. 42-52