Echinococcosis or Hydatid cyst is a parasitic disease caused by an infection of tiny tapeworms (Image 1). This infection can be naturally transmitted between humans and other animals. It can be transmitted by digesting feces, contaminated meat or other products. It is considered one of the most significant groups of communicable diseases. There are three different types of echinococcosis which can affect both human and animals; but only two are most commonly seen in humans and animals. The two are cystic echinococcosis and alveolar echinococcosis. In this essay I am going to explain more about the Echinococcus in general, the two different types of echinococcosis, the symptoms they create, and how they each affect the body differently.
In order for you to understand how Echinococcus works. You have to understand how it is transmitted into your system and begins infecting you. Echinococcus goes through several different steps on how it is developed and then transmitted to other hosts. The adult echinococcus tapeworm is about 5 mm long and lives in the small intestines of dogs and another canine species such as coyotes, wolves and foxes. The stage where a cyst begins usually occurs in intermediate hosts; typically sheep’s but they can also affect cattle’s, horses, camels, pigs and goats and many others. Tapeworm eggs are passed by the feces of infected dogs and then are digested by grazing sheep’s. These eggs then hatch into the embryos within the intestines, and then penetrate the intestines to be carried by the blood to major organs such as the liver and lungs. This larval stage of the parasite is called an oncosphere. The larval stage spreads by the bloodstream to target organs and other parts of the body, such as liver, lungs, ...
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...y would cause within your body. I also explained how you could possibly ingest this, and the symptoms caused by these two different bacteria’s.
References
C, C., R, P., M.A., G., L, Y., A, C., C, A., et al. (1998). Risk Factor Associated with Human Cystic Echinococcosis in Florida, Uruguay: Results of a Mass Screening Study Using Ultrasound and Serology. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 58, 599-605. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from www.ajtmh.org/content/58/5/599.full.pdf
Draper, R. (n.d.). Patient.co.uk - Trusted medical information and support. Patient.co.uk. Retrieved February 25, 2014, from http://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/hydatid-disease-pro
Gillespie, S. H. (2001). Echinococcosis. Principles and practice of clinical parasitology (p. 585). Chichester: Wiley.
K.K, P. (1963). Echinococcosis (Hydatid Disease). General Practice, 89, 73-78.
C. difficile is highly contagious and is transmitted through the fecal-oral route. 2 It also known to develop right afte...
National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. "Hidradenitis Suppurativa: MedlinePlus." Nlm.nih.gov/. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. .
Introduction: Chlamydia Trachomatis is the organism responsible for diseases such as trachoma and the STD Chlamydia. Chlamydia is the most common STD in the United States, with about 4 million new cases diagnosed every year.
two hundred million people suffer world wide from Schistosomiasis. It is often misdiagnosed as Typhoid Fever. It is also found in mammals such as cattle and water buffalo.
The most common way this disease is transmitted from one animal to the next is through mosquitoes. A mosquito carrying infective heartworm larvae bites a dog and transmits the infection to them. The larvae grow, develop, and migrate in the body over a period of 6 to 7 months, in which time they become sexually mature male and female worms. this is the prepatent period. The worms then reside in the heart, lungs, and associated blood vessels. The worms begin to mate and release microfilaria into the blood stream. When a mosquito bites an infected dog it takes in some of the microfilaria in the blood. After 10 to 30 days there is larvae in the mosquito’s salivary gland which can then be passed on to the next dog the mosquito bites.
When one speaks of transmittable diseases one does not often think that cystitis is one of the most prevalent. Cystitis effects both genders, the young, the old and can lead to complications that can do irreparable damage to the urinary tract. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the disease of cystitis and relate the specific virulence factors of Escherichia coli to the prevalence and symptoms of cystitis. This will be accomplished by defining the disease, its etiology and the causative agent. The mode of transmission and risk factors will be discussed as well, the pathogenesis, signs and symptoms will be explained. Finally dietary and nutritional implication along with treatment and prognosis will conclude this paper.
This parasite is spread through the bite of sandflies. There are three different types of infections and they each show varying degrees of severity. The cutaneous form produces mild skin ulcers, mucocutaneous produces ulcers in the mouth and nose, and the visceral form of the disease starts with skin ulcers and then fever, low red blood cell count, and an enlarged spleen and liver. The parasite is detected by a microscope and visceral can also be found by doing blood tests. 12 million people are in infected in 98 different countries and 2 million new cases are found every year. The disease also kills around 20 to 50 thousand people a year.
In North Dakota and various other surrounding states have a very harsh climate compared to other places. Because of this, multicellular parasitic disease is an uncommon occurrence. Physicians in North Dakota and surrounding areas rarely if ever see and treat patients with parasitic diseases; however, it can happen and it is important to be informed about such diseases in order to better treat and inform patients. I myself was not informed about several parasites that can live in the area and would like to pass the knowledge onto my peers as well. The parasites I will focus on are Diphyllobothrium Latum and Fasciola Hepatica. In order to have a better understanding of the pathology of the two parasites, the following topics will need to be reviewed
Morphological development starts with a single cell which able to divide or die. The cells are joined by springs and formed the morphological individuals. One of the studies had done in India to determine the morphological characterization of Echinococcus from food producing animals. Cystic echinoccosis is a common infecting in food producing animals. In this research 21,861 animals had been examined and found the highest prevalence of hydatid cysts (5.10 %) followed by buffaloes (3.81%), pig (0.87%) and sheep (0.075%). (Pednekar, 2009,
This paper will go into depth on the life-cycle of the Taenia saginata parasite in its host(s), commonly known as the beef tapeworm, including how the parasite is contracted, the pathophysiology of the disease once in the host, the epidemiology of the disease where and who it affects, the signs and symptoms of the host and if any, the medicines required to recover from this intestinal infection.
Clinic Staff, Mayo. "Diseases and Conditions Plague."Mayo Clinic. N.p., 26 Mar 2013. Web. 14 Apr 2014. .
There are different species of trichinella that can cause human disease, which has much disturbance worldwide. There are several species of trichinella that have been discovered. They include T. pseudospiralis (mammals and birds worldwide), T. nelsoni (African predators and scavengers), T. native (Artic bears), and T. britovi (carnivores of western Asia and Europe) (CDC, 2012). In the United States, there are less cases reported now than in the past. In the 1940’s, the United States Public Health Services began tracking the number of trichinellosis cases. There were 400 cases in the United States each year on average (CDC, 1997-2001). From 2008 to 2010, 20 cases were reported each year on average (CDC, 2012).
...s, Causes, Treatment - What Are the Health Benefits of Probiotics on MedicineNet." Medicinenet.com. Web. 04 Nov. 2011. .
Chapter 6 of Diseases and Human Evolution discussed schistosomes, or parasitic worms. I didn’t know snails were a vector of these types of parasites. The most important evolutionary mechanism that stood out to me was that Schistosomiasis haematobium mostly infects children. Because high levels of the eggs become displaced, the parasite continues to cause havoc in the body, causing the bladder to be unable to contract and expand, and can ultimately cause bladder cancer. This is the evolutionary mechanism. Even though you are expected to have resistance to reinfection, even though you don’t experience any symptoms, the eggs and flukes continue to live in your body with the potential to cause problems years down the line. Dormancy as a whole is something many parasites share, and it is a mechanism that allows them to continue to reproduce and thrive.