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Introduction to eating disorder
Introduction to eating disorder
Introduction to eating disorder
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In both youth and adults, eating disorders is a major and decisive factor in the developmental phase of a healthy life. Therefore, a popular area of research among the medical field are the factors that contribute to the motivation to eat, have a food preference and engage in food “pleasure”. It was more commonly known that scientists had directed the need and wanting to feed to our internal homeostatic system. This meant that food consumption depended on energy balance and maintenance. However, it was established by ongoing research that the regulation of feeding behaviour and the established homeostasis systems are integrated. It was found that the establishment of the ‘liking’ and ‘wanting’ system was a brain reward. These systems work together to stimulate or inhibit eating behaviour, although having separate neurological mechanisms. There is however, a dissociation between the two systems in which over eating or starvation can occur which is highly detrimental to the human body. Therefore, further research is needed into the mechanisms and pathways between the homeostasis system and the brain reward system to understand the effects of the eating behaviour, such as over eating, under eating and eating disorders which can be prevented and further analysed to create a healthy lifestyle for those suffering these disorders.
There are several severe eating disorders that has arose such as bulimia, obesity and anorexia nervosa. This has caused significant youth mortality and is still currently on the rise. Therefore scientists and psychologists have been provoked to research more in the understanding of the physiological and psychological regulation of feeding and eating behaviour. Homeostasis was the key factor in answe...
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Brennan AM, Mantzoros CS. Drug Insight: the role of leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology--emerging clinical applications. Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab. 2006;2(6):318-27.
Research, 2016. Bordo implicated popular culture as having a serious negative role in how women of America view their bodies. These images have led to drastic increase change in life altering female disorders and eating. Not only does these images affect Americans but young men and women too which they should be fighting against it, not for
It is difficult to treat if patients don’t gain weight. This documentary film described that fifty percent of individuals will relapse in the first year if normal weight has not be achieved prior to leaving treatment. Treatment requires a multidisciplinary team approach. In addition to restriction many patients also increase activity levels. The film also examined individuals that have Exercise Anorexia. In conclusion the documentary pointed out the disorders have links to Anxiety. They stated that Prozac and Paxil have been found helpful in treating patients. They noted that Bulimia is linked to depression. The film also described a research study conducted to examine satiety related to food and CCK Cholecystokinin disturbed digestion in individuals with eating disorders. CCK is a digestive hormone that stimulates fat and protein digestion, and promotes the feeling of satiety. The film also stated that it takes years to fully recover from
“Fighting Anorexia” and “cookie monster” are two different articles based on research by some group of psychiatrists that focuses on eating disorder, which in psychology is referred to as a mental illness. Anorexia nervosa is a mental condition that describes a person’s obsession with food and the acute anxiety over weight gain (Newsweek cover, 2005). This disorder is categorized by an individual’s phobia on what to eat and what not to eat; as a result, the person begins to starve his or her self just to avoid adding more weight. The article published on the “Cookie Monster” expatiate on a research that describes how food is being used by some individuals to change their mood (McCarthy, 2001). This research shows that individuals especially college students try to subdue their emotions through the use of sweets and cookies. To further understand of these two experimental research in both articles, some important questions will be answered below.
Each year millions of people in the United States develop serious and often fatal eating disorders. More than ninety percent of those are adolescent and young women. The consequences of eating disorders are often severe--one in ten end in death from either starvation, cardiac arrest, or suicide. Due to the recent awareness of this topic, much time and money has been attributed to eating disorders. Many measures have been taken to discover leading causes and eventual treatment for those suffering from anorexia. (http://www.kidsource.com/kidsource ...er.html#Causes of Eating Disorders) )
The rising frequency of teen Internet and social media use, in particular Facebook, has cause parents to lose sight of these websites harmful attributes that lead to eating disorders and extreme dieting. Michele Foster, author of “Internet Marketing Through Facebook: Influencing Body Image in Teens and Young Adults”, published October 2008 in Self Help Magazine, argues Facebook has become the leading social network for teens and young adults aging 17 to 25 years of age, and is also the age range that has significant increases in Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa in women. Foster accomplishes her purpose, which is to draw the parents of teen’s attention to the loosely regulated advertisements on Facebook and Facebook’s reluctance to ban negative body image ads. Foster creates a logos appeal by using examples and persona, pathos appeal by using diction, and ethos appeal by using examples and persona.
Shapiro, C. M. (2012). Eating disorders: Causes, diagnosis, and treatments [Ebrary version]. Retrieved from http://libproxy.utdallas.edu/login?url=http://site.ebrary.com/lib/utdallas/Doc?id=10683384&ppg=3
The stage of adolescence contains major changes which can bring stress, confusion, and anxiety. Feelings of self-consciousness, low self esteem and comparison with peers start occurring during this time. Along with the physical changes there is also hormonal and brain changes that affect the adolescent physically, mentally, emotionally, and psychologically. During this time a person can feel tremendous pressure to find their place in the world among a great deal of confusion (“Eating Disorders and Adolescence,” 2013). Body image concerns and peer pressure are heightened during the period of adolescence, and are potential risk factors in the development of an eating disorder. While eating disorders can affects males and females of all ages, the average age of onset for Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa, and disordered eating takes place during adolescence. These disorders are often a coping mechanism for people to attempt to gain control of their situation when they feel helpless among other aspects of life (“Eating Disorders and Adolescence,” 2013). Eating disorders in children and teens can lead to a number of serious physical problems and even death (Kam, n.d.).
The Reward System controls pleasure, and floods the neural circuit with the neurotransmitter dopamine, which is the central chemical in your brain.
The study presented in this presentation focus on four different aspects of the influence of neurotransmitters that have an influence on eating. The first aspect is a 36 amino acid peptide transmitter known as the NPY. The NPY contains five different receptors; Y1, Y2, Y4, Y5, and Y6. Y2 is specifically geared towards memory. Y5 pertains to eating. Y6 is found in some animals, but not really found in humans. The Y1 and Y5 receptors are specifically for eating. The more NPY found within the body, the more a person would eat. A question, which was presented in this presentation, was if certain areas of the brain could be identified as being responsive to the metabolic action of the NPY. In order to study this idea, and experiment was performed where NPY was injected directly into different target areas. From this, it was shown that there were specific areas of the brain that responded to the levels of NPY differently.
With children as early as age 7 showing dissatisfaction with their body, and as young as 9 starting dieting, eating disorders are a serious issue in our society. Taking a look at perceptions, behaviors, and medical issues associated with the disorders of anorexia and bulimia, scholars have tried to categorize and find answers to the problems which certain adolescents suffer. In this paper I focused on the two major eating disorders of anorexia and bulimia.
The set-point and positive-incentive are two theories of hunger and eating. The set-point theory is a view of hunger where people assume that hunger is the result of an energy deficit in their bodies and eating is a way to fix the energy deficit (Pinel, 2014). The set point theory seems to be the most believed theory of hunger, although evidence does not support that the theory is correct. The set-point theory believes that we have an internal control that has a set-point where our body tells us that we need to eat or we need to stop eating (Pinel, 2014). According to Pinel (2014), the set-point works in a similar manner as a thermostat does in a heating or cooling system, where the system hits a specific temperature and then shuts down until
Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 42(2), 133-145. Joranby, L., Pineda, K., & Gold, M. S. (2005). Addiction to Food and Brain Reward Systems. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 12(2-3), 201-217. doi:10.1080/10720160500203765.
The addiction to food can lead to many health issues and concerns to an individual, though a common concern is eating disorders. Individuals
Americans went from being attached to the fast food culture to depending on it. The result--obesity; a negative effect of the fast food culture. Morgan Spurlock experimented with eating McDonald 's food for breakfast, lunch and dinner; In just five days, he added ten pounds. He thus found out that fast food restaurants are the single greatest contributor to the obesity epidemic in America (Gilbert). “Functional neuroimaging studies further revealed that smell, taste, and appearance of food produce a similar effect as drugs of abuse. Many of the brain changes reported for hedonic eating and obesity are also seen in various forms of addictions” (Liu et al). Fast food restaurants selectively choose certain flavors and effects, to create craving and dependence on their food. “Animal studies have shown that the predisposition to food addiction in offspring, was caused by feeding rat mothers junk food, consisting of fatty, sugary, and salty snacks, during pregnancy and lactation” (Liu et al). Apart from chemical factors such as ingredients like sugar and salt, external cues also lead to craving for food despite satiation. Advertising on television further elicits food cues encouraging even normal weight children and adults to seek out food despite the lack of hunger signals (Liu et