Cerebral coenurosis is the intermediary larval stage of Taenia multiceps, which affects intermediate, hosts particularly sheep and goats. In this report, gross and microscopic features of three scarce natural coenurosis cases, a 1 year old ram and two lambs of 7 month old from a flock are explained. At necropsy numerous small cysts measuring 5 to 10 mm in diameter were observed on both cerebrum and cerebellum surfaces moreover multiple deep parts of which. In histopathological examination of the neural tissue, severe tissue destruction and a distinct layer of Gitter cells formation around the cysts, neuronophagia, gliosis and perivascular infiltration of lymphocytes were observed. In this early stage of parasite life cycle, larval migration and destruction of tissue also aggregation of glial cells around the cysts causes a loose connection between cysts and neural tissue.
Key words: Coenurus cerebralis, sheep, Histopathology, Taenia multiceps,
Introduction:
Coenurosis (Gid, Sturdy)is the disease caused by invasion of central nervous system by the intermediate stage of Taenia multiceps. A tapeworm that lives in the small intestine of dogs and other canids (1, 2)and produce localized, space-occupying lesions of the tissue that is usually seen in sheep, goats, cattle, horse and rarely man(3, 4).Contamination of pastures grazed by sheep with dog faeces can result in larval invasion of the central nervous system and clinical disease. The life cycle is completed when the carnivorous definitive hosts ingest an infested sheep brain(5).
In 80–90% of cases, the cyst exists in one cerebral hemisphere, whilst in 5–10% of cases, it is localized in the cerebellum(5).Two clinical forms of the disease have been described in sheep(6); the mo...
... middle of paper ...
...eterinary Medicine. 2002;55:201–7.
14. Ghazaei C. Evaluation therapeutic effects of antihelminthic agents albendazole, fenbendazole and praziquantel against coenurosis in sheep. Small Ruminant Research. 2007;71:48-51.
15. Toofanian F, Ivoghli B. Cerebral coenurosis in a wild sheep (Ovis ammon). J Wildl Dis. 1976;12:550-1.
16. Christodoulopoulos G. Two rare clinical manifestations of coenurosis in sheep. Veterinary Parasitology. 2007;143:368–70.
17. Giadinis N, Psychas V, Polizopoulou Z, Papadopoulos E, Papaioannou N, Komnenou A, et al. Acute coenurosis of dairy sheep from 11 flocks in Greece. New Zealand Veterinary Journal. 2012;60(4):247-53.
18. Farjani Kish G, Khodakaram-Tafti A, Hajimohammadi A, Ahmadi N. Clinical and morphopathological characteristics of an enzootic occurrence of acute coenurosis (Coenurus cerebralis) in a sheep herd. J Parasit Dis. 2013.
Makousky, David Tangley, Laura Loeb, Penny Holstein, William J. Thorton, Jeannye, "Hay feed might stop infections from meat." U.S. News & World Report 125.11(1998): middlesearchplus. EBSCO.web.27.Oct.2011
The meningeal worm is also known as the brain worm, or the deer worm. It frequently infects llamas and alpacas, but can infect other species as well like moose, elk, goats, and sheep. The meningeal worm is an internal parasite that is a part of the protostrongylidae family with the definitive host being the common white tailed deer. Even though they are the host, adult meningeal worms rarely cause clinical signs of disease in the deer. The white tail deer’s tolerance to infection from these worms is actually beneficial to the parasite because the white tail deer are the only species that will allow the worm to complete their life cycle. So alpacas and llamas are unsuitable hosts and that is why the meningeal worm is such a threat to them. It can cause varying degrees of damage to their central nervous system. “The cerebrospinal fluid tap is especially useful for diagnosing meningeal worm and ruling out other diseases.” (Whitehead, Bedenice 2009.) Ruling out other diseases helps to narrow down what could be ...
Chronic Wasting Disease (CWD) is a fatal neuro-degenerative, transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (TSE) of the family Cervidae (Hamir, et.al., 2006). The family Cervidae includes mule deer, Odocolileus hemionus, white-tailed deer, Odocolileus virginianus, Rocky Mountain elk, Cervus elaphus nelsoni, and moose, Alces alces shirasi, among others (Sigurdon & Aguzzi, 2007). CWD is a prion disease, meaning it is a protein caused infection, that occurs naturally in the deer family (Song & Lawson, 2009). This protein is suspected to be an abnormal isoform (PrPSc) of the naturally occurring host prion protein (PrPC) (Blanchong, et. Al., 2009). Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), mad cow disease, is a similar prion effecting cattle as CWD affects Cervidae. Although, scientists are not sure of transmission route it is suspected that CWD is transmissible and infectious through direct contact with infected individuals or through environmental contamination (Song & Lawson, 2009). Tests have been performed showing susceptibility of altered mice to oral transmission, mimicking the suspected route of entry, and the incubation appears slower but lasts longer with oral infection (Trifilo, et.al., 2007). The approximate time from the initial infection to death is three years.
The biting midge (Culicoides imicola), which is responsible for this disease’s transmission, is usually contained within Mediterranean Europe; where the conditions have been exactly what the midge demands to survive (Society for General Microbiology NP). However, with an increase in average temperature of six degrees, the midge has been allowed to travel northward threatening the cattle throughout the area and even as far as England (Society for General Microbiology NP). The spread of the midge’s territory has led to an increased number of their population, along with the amount of infected cattle.
Dogs infected with Canine Heartworm Disease can have from 1 to 250 worms living in them for 5 to 7 years. The organs us...
An animal infected with CWD will have neural loss, astrogliosis, which is an abnormal increase in the number of astrocytes in the brain, and spongiform lesions (Abrams et al., 2011). The infected particles are spread all throughout the body including the brain, spinal cord, eyes, peripheral nerves, and lymphoreticular tissues (Belay et al., 2004). Most of the infection, however, is located in the Central Nervous System.
This disgusting worm parasite is spread by flies and mosquitoes. The adult worm spreads its larvae throughout the host’s lymphatic system and causes the lymph nodes to become clogged up. This also makes the tissue in the host’s body to swell up and create massive muscle deformations, otherwise known as elephantiasis. The elephantiasis mainly affects the legs and genitals. The disease also affects the eyes but that can be easily detected through close inspection but it commonly causes river blindness in the host. It’s been estimated that the parasite is one of the leading causes of blindness throughout the world.
Administration, U.S. Food and Drug. Animal and Veterinary. 02 Febuary 2014. Web. 17 Febuary 2014.
Visser, Nick. "After Fears Of Antibiotic Resistance, 25 Drug Companies To Phase Out Use In Livestock." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Mar. 2014. Web. 20 May 2014. .
However, health concerned organizations want to ban the use of these products due to the increasing fears that they can cause harm to the consumers. For over 50 years, antibiotics have been added to the food of animals such as poultry, cattle and pigs. The main purpose for doing so is to lower the risk of disease in animals. Farm animals are housed together in overcrowded areas, which are very dirty. The hygiene level can get to such a poor state that they are often in contact with their own excreta as well as excreta of the other animals they are housed with and because of tight single air space they share, the likelihood of catching diseases from one another is further increased and very often a whole heard can be infected at one time.
1. The specific organism should be shown to be present in all cases of animals suffering from a specific disease but should not be found in healthy animals.
Wear gloves and proper cloths if handling the infected animals to prevent the direct contact.
The purpose of this paper is to focus on a subject within my educational field that I can research and inform the public about. I plan to become a veterinarian .which would require my daily contact with humans and animals. Zoonotic diseases are risk factors that I have to be aware of in order to protect myself as well as my patients and their owners. Luckily developments in medicine have made it possible to cure zoonotic diseases and even prevent them from ever being contracted.
Blowey, R. W. (1990). A Veterinary Book for Dairy Farmer (Third ed.). Old Pont Publishing Ltd.
It is estimated that over one-half of the antibiotics in the U.S. are used in food animal production. The overuse of antimicrobials in food animal production is an under-appreciated problem. In both human and veterinary medicine, the risk of developing resistance rises each time bacteria are exposed to antimicrobials. Resistance opens the door to treatment failure for even the most common pathogens and leads to an increasing number of infections. The mounting evidence of the relationship between antimicrobial use in animal husbandry and the increase in bacterial resistance in humans has prompted several reviews of agricultural practices by scientific authorities in a number of countries, including the US.