(a) (i) An agonist is a drug that mimics a natural messenger and activates the associated receptor for that messenger. Nicotine is an agonist for the acetylcholine receptor. (ii) A competitive antagonist is an antagonist whose degree of antagonism is directly linked to the relative concentrations of the agonist and the antagonist. This indicates that both agonist and antagonist bind to the same site on the receptor or that the antagonist directly interferes with the binding of the agonist. This is a dose response curve illustrates the response to a competitive antagonist alone This is dose response curve of a competitive antagonist in the presence of an agonist (iii)A non-competitive antagonist is an antagonist whose action on the receptor is independent of the concentration of the agonist. This is because they bind at different sites in the receptor. This is a dose response curve for a non-competitive antagonist alone This is a dose response curve for a non-competitive antagonist in the presence of an agonist (b) Chemical Enhancers A variety of chemical additives have been investigated to enhance the penetration of transdermal delivery. These can be classified as solvents, surfactants, fatty acids/esters, and terpenes. These additives increase skin permeability by various mechanisms including increasing solubility and by creating an easier path through the stratum corneum. Iontopheresis Iontopheresis is a small electric field of low current which is applied to the skin at the area of drug application. The mechanism of this application is thought to be either electrophoresis or electrosmosis. This method has been shown to increase the penetration of the drug by orders of magnitude a... ... middle of paper ... ...eceptor occupancy reaches saturation. Compound C reaches a relatively lower response value of 40%, which is a typical result of a partial agonist. (iii) The statement cannot be proven with the information shown on the plot as compounds A and B are not being tested for affinity. (iv) The statement is partially correct. The response of compound A is 100% at very low concentrations which means it produces a maximal response; however this is not linked to receptor occupancy. We have no information about the occupancy/response relationship and full occupancy at all concentrations is impossible. Works Cited Lane, D. P. and P. M. Fischer. "Turning the key on p53." Nature 427.6977 (2004): 789-90. Prausnitz, M.R., Mitragotri, S. and Langer, R. (2004), ‘Current status and future potential of transdermal drug delivery’, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, 3, pp.115–124.
Competitive rivalry examines how intense the competition currently is in the marketplace, which is determined by the number of existing competitors and what each is capable of doing. (Arline, 2015).
Given that the shapes of the peaks are not ideal, they are different from the percentage height for each component. As such, the area measurement is used, to determine the concentration. For the first peak, the percent area of total was 49.65% and for the second peak, the percent area of the total was 50.35%, which reflects the quantity of the analyte that exists in the chromatogram. The retention time in both cases is constant and the pattern of peaks is constant which reflects that the conditions of testing are constant. Based on the percentages it can be seen that the major product was 2-isopropyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene at 50.35% and the minor product was 1,4-Dimethyl-2-propylbenzene at 49.65%. Therefore, on Figures 2 and 3 the peak at 2.93 is the major peak and it represents 2-isopropyl-1,4-dimethylbenzene and the peak at 2.58 is the minor peak and represents
The titration of a weak acid with a strong base produces a titration curve as above.
...s to interfere with bonding to the receptors. The final possibility uses CNP, which downregulates the activation in MAP kinase pathways in the chondrocytes (4).
Changing the concentration of enzymes has a direct impact on the enzyme activity. When enzyme concentration increases so does enzyme activity, and when enzyme concentration decreases so does enzyme activity. Enzyme activity and enzyme concentration are directly proportional up until a certain point where increased concentration will have no effect on enzyme
B has increased by one fifth of what Test tube A is and Test tube C
A graph was constructed for each inhibitor by selected the substrate concentration and V0 of I=0, then the Smooth Line scatter was used to plot the data for this graph. The data of I=5, 15, 20 was copied ( ctrl+C) and pasted on the graph also. The Title of the charge, x-axis, y-axis, and legend were added properly. This step was repeated for inhibitor 2 and 3.
Random and systematic errors are both factors that can affect the reliability and accuracy of the results respectively. As all the graphs contained outliers, and hence, scatter, this indicates that random errors were present. Such errors may result from the inconsistent masses of the Alka Seltzer tablets. As these tablets were cut manually with a knife, it is unlikely that the mass of each half of an Alka Seltzer tablet would be the same. Thus, when using the tablets to react with HCl, the true number of tablets reacting would have not been the same as the number denoted for the trial, and with each repeated trial for the same number of tablets reacting, the reacting mass and ratio would have not been inconsistent. Consequently, the
In light of the findings of the study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of this drug would v...
Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. 2001, p1. 4p. 1 Black and White Photograph, 2 Graphs.
Hamilton, R. (2013). Tarascon pharmacopoeia: 2013 Professional desk reference edition (p. 328). Burlington, MA: Jones and Bartlett Learning.
Moreover, the class average curve shows a similar trend, as the curve flattens, at 70% but with an enzyme activity of 5.3 x10-3 seconds. This indicates that even though the saturation point is the same it was considerably lower than our results, which could indicate sources of systematic error in the design of the practical.
It explores the possibilities of how the nerve cell or neuron can be mimicked by a chemical drug once it has been bind with the receptors, also known as the neurotransmission process. Furthermore, it entails of how individuals who choose to use drugs can cause a chemical dysregulation.
Due to the nature of amino acids, a titration curve can be employed to identify
List a number of neurotransmitters and describe the part of the nervous system where each is found and the types(s) of behavior each influences. (Chapter 3)