Drug Discovery, Development, and Manufacturing
The process of producing a new drug into the market involves drug discovery, drug development, and drug manufacturing. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics are both properties responsible for bringing about a new drug. Pharmacokinetics is the study of what the body does to a drug and of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. Pharmacodynamics is the study of what a drug does to the body. It is the relationship of the resulting effect of the drug and the site of action (Introduction to Pharmacokinetics, n.d). Each process has invested interest in the biotechnology industry. Although each course of action have a model, all three are necessary to give a drug into the market. Drug Discovery has a long history spanning for centuries. Before the 1920s, people used herbal and serendipitous drugs. In the 1920s, 1930s, and 1940s, vitamins, vaccines, and the discovery of antibiotics increased. In the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s there was the discovery of DNA, a breakthrough in Etiology, rise of biotechnology, and use of IT. Since the 1980s, automation, robotics, combinational chemistry, and commercialization of drug discovery have had a profound impact (Drug discovery and development, n.d).
The drug discovery path is the innovation of a new drug. Small companies, major biotechnology companies, and the leadership from the National Institute of Health (NIH) contribute to the discovery of the new drug. Scientist from biotechnology companies research the potential of an original drug based on the market needs and scientific creativity. Scientific creativity is high quality research based on where funding could be obtained. Before a biotechnology companies funds research, they ask...
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The drug manufacturing industry is concerned with the development, production and marketing of drugs which are to be used as medication. This is one of the oldest industries in the world. The first drug stores date back to the middle Ages. Some of today’s pharmaceutical companies have been founded in the beginning of the previous century. Important discoveries have been made in the early 20th century such as insulin and penicillin who became mass produced. More drugs were developed during the 1950s-1960s such as contraceptives and heart drugs. During that time numerous organizations and declarations were established in order to regulate the industry. Until the 1970s the drug manufacturing industry remained relatively small, and then it began expanding quickly. With the development of technologies and the internet research, manufacturing, marketing and sales of drugs became a lot easier.
When people think of pharmaceutical companies, they instantly associate the word pharmaceutical with medicine. There are scientists solely dedicated to find the remedy to cancer and incurable diseases. These professionals have devoted their educated lives to help the ailing human population recover.
Nucleon is a small biotechnology start-up with a very promising potential product (CRP-1), which is also the first product that Nucleon is planning to go into the clinic market. Nucleon has reached to human clinical trials phase with its product and it has no manufacturing facilities that satisfy the guidelines for these clinical trials and testing. Nucleon is on the verge of making a critical choice of manufacturing strategy, which will affect Nucleon’s survival in the intense competition in the long haul. Nucleon management is aware of the facts that they have a limited budget to start with, the financial environment in biotechnology is rapidly changing and establishing the safety and efficacy of products like CRP-1 is complex, time-consuming and expensive; that’s why they want to evaluate risks and rewards of each manufacturing strategy before making their final decision.
that can be used by scientists to design and optimize new designed drug. Using the exact same
In 1938 amongst a team of scientist working for Sandoz Pharmaceuticals in Basil, Switzerland was University of Zurich graduate, Dr. Albert Hoffman. Hoffman was working in a chemical research laboratory at a time when pharmaceutical companies were deeply...
Many doctors, researchers, and engineers have been asked, “What prevents you from creating personalized medicines now”? There are many things that interfere with them being able to create personalized medicines, whether it’s because of the expensive material needed or because of the patient’s thought on the process.
Over the past decade, scientists have made significant advancements in the treatment of certain diseases. Unfortunately, just like any new product, the cost of developing these new technologies and treatments is extremely high. Plus, unlike other technology, heath technolo...
biopharmaceutical industry. Manuscript submitted for publication, Sloan School of Management and the Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Retrieved from dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/34827/61670866.pdf?sequence=1.
It is often referred to as the third wave in biotechnology. The products also have a faster and easier way into the market as the products don’t have the lengthy review times products usually must undergo.
Recently, Biocon has been compelled to move various Indian projects to the US and Europe. The situation only makes the process more cumbersome but also results in a 10-20 times hike in the cost of drug development. In the past two years, companies like Piramal Enterprises and Lupin were also forced to go abroad for conducting clinical trials, due to slow and uncertain approval processes in India with the matter being challenged in court.
... middle of paper ... ... Retrieved December 29, 2013, from http://www.dnaforensic.org/index.html. What is Biotechnology? n.d. - n.d. - n.d.
The United States has long been a leader in scientific research, but it will take industry, academia, and government working together for our country to stay there. Since the implementation of the Bayh-Dole Act of 1980, which gave universities greater control over intellectual property, research universities have teamed up with partners during early-stage development to further their resources. The new task of universities was not to conduct research with the intent to make money, but to present their findings to the public domain for the sake of knowledge and the public good. In 2004, David Sinclair and Christopher Westphal, two innovative scientists following their intuition, founded Sirtris Pharmaceuticals. The founding idea arose from Sinclair’s
The study of replication, transcription and translation of genetic material is known as molecular biology. Molecular biology is a bottom-up approach to understanding human life. Though the exploration of molecular biology began in the 1930s, it really took off in the 1960s after the uncovering of the structure of DNA. (Coriell Institute for Medical Research, n.d.) Today, molecular biology is shaping our understanding of diseases. Through this reflection journal, I seek to explore preventative and curative phenomena in medical biotechnology, and determine their impact on the political, social and economic spheres.
The future of biotechnology can be seen as one that is relatively safe and guaranteed. Because the industry is constantly focused on the future, as long as there are always new innovations and goals to work towards (like cures for diseases and renewable energy sources), the industry will remain to be a key part of the United States and global economies. When looking at future forecasts for this industry, it is no wonder that venture capitalists, private investors and universities are looking to grant or invest large sums of capital to these firms; biotechnology products accounted for 21% of the total 714 billion dollars in the global market for prescription drugs in 2012, and is expected to grow to 25% by 2018. This substantial growth forecasted in a risky stock is what helps keep our economy healthy.
Qiu, L, Chen, Z-Y, Lu, D-Y, Hu, H & Wang, Y-T 2010, 'Public funding and private investment for R&D : a survey in China’s pharmaceutical industry ', Health Research Policy and Systems, vol. 12, no. 27, pp. 11