The purpose of this experiment is to conduct genetics studies using drosophila fly as the test organism. Scientists can study the basic biology that is shared by all organisms using a model organism, such as drosophila fly1. Drosophila fly, or more commonly known as fruit fly, has several qualities that makes it well suited for experimental genetics cross. First, fruit flies are low maintenance organisms. They are small in size (few millimeters long), so they occupy a small space and a lot of them can fit in one vial at the same time. They only require a media to feed on. In this lab, instant media was used, which is efficient as it only requires the addition of water to be used. This media contains ingredients that the fruit fly can feed one, …show more content…
Three pairs are autosomal, while the last pair of chromosomes are the sex chromosomes. Similar to humans, a XX pair of sex chromosomes will be a female, while an XY sex chromosomes will be a male. However, the determination of sex in fruit flies is somewhat different than in humans. The sex is determined by the X-chromosome’s ratio (X) to the autosomal chromosomes (A). For instance, when the X to A ratio is one or more, the offspring is a female, but when that ratio is less than one, the offspring is a male. Moreover, drosophila fly goes through three life stages until it becomes an adult fly. Approximately one day after the adult female lays the eggs, these eggs hatch into a larvae (Figure 1). During the larval stage, the larva stays in the nutrient media in order to eat and grow. The next stage is the pupal stage where the pupa forms a case around itself that helps metamorphism to occur. The pupa becomes darker in color and stiffer. Finally, when metamorphism is complete, the adult fly comes out being fully developed and having wings, legs, and eyes. An adult fruit fly may live approximately 30 …show more content…
One key distinction is the sex combs on the male’s foreleg, which is characteristic that is lacking in the females. Another way to distinguish the sex of the flies is to carefully examine the tip of the abdomen in each. The females tend to have a lighter colored abdomen that is more pointy and long. On the other hand, males tend to have darker pigmented abdomen that is round and short. In general, females tend to have a larger body than males. Sex determination can easily be accomplished even under a low power magnification, which adds to the ease of using fruit flies to study genetic
Drosophila melanogaster is a model species used commonly for research in the areas of genetics and phylogeny (Kohn and Wittkopp, 2007). Drosophila is a model species due to the abundance of offspring, short generation times, and the ease of identifying wild type vs ebony phenotypes (University of South Florida, 2017, Biodiversity Lab Manual). This experiment is being performed in order to evaluate whether or not a fly culture after 3 generations will conform to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium equation. This equation is being used as a null hypothesis and will most likely not be achieved due to the relatively small population of flies being used in the experiment as well as other factors such as genetic drift (Dansereau, 2014). The experiment will take place over seven weeks in which the procedure will alternate between scoring the
Conclusion for class di-hybrid cross: The p value 0.779 is in the non-significant range in the chi square table. The null hypothesis is therefore correct. Sepia eyes and vestigial wings in the flies is a mutation in the genes that is not linked meaning it is a product of independent assortment.
Studying fruit fly mating behavior is very important because their generation length is so short and reproduction happens rapidly. In science, these fruit flies can be used to study genes and mutations relatively quickly because of the limited life span. Knowing mating behaviors can help scientists better understand their results and improve their experiment designs to reduce
The fruit fly, or the Drosophila melanogaster, was used in this experiment to study patterns of inheritance. It only takes a fruit fly 14 days to develop from an egg to an adult and then 12 hours before they become reproductive, so these factors made the fruit fly a good species to study, because we had enough time to do crosses. We were investigating the patterns of inheritance in the eye color and the wings. The wild type flies had red eyes and full wings, while the mutant phenotype had brown eyes and no wings. We also had to study the sexes of the flies. The male flies had darker abdominal tips and sex combs on both of their forearms. For the results, my group had predicted as follows:
When trying to understand genetics Mendel 's laws are a very big part of it. Mendel 's two laws help us understand and analyze genetic crossings. In our experiment we used drosophila melanogaster flies, a common fruit fly. This was perfect to understand and visualize how the laws take effect. Mendel stated that during the process of genetic crossing; two alleles are formed which then separated to form gametes, which would appear in fertilization. In our experiment we accomplish a cross that determined different eye and body colors. By using the Chi-Square test, we were able to test our results. Our groups hypothesis stated the number of flies from the F2 generation would accommodate Mendelian Genetic Ratio of 9:3:3:1. Our Chi-Square test results
The purpose of the first experiment, Ebony vs. Vestigle was to see how many of the offspring had normal bodies and normal wings, normal bodies and vestigle wings, ebony bodies and normal wings, and ebony body and vestigle wings. The purpose of the second experiment White vs. Wild was to see how many of the offspring were red eyed male, white eyed male, red eyed female, and white e...
Nettie studied Tenebrio molitor beetles and found that unfertilized eggs in female beetles always contain an X chromosome. Sperm from male beetles contain either an X chromosome or a Y chromosome. She found that eggs fertilized by sperm carrying the X chromosome produce female beetles. The combination of egg and Y-chromosome sperm produce male beetles.
17. Fruit flies normally have eight chromosomes. The diagram below shows the result of meiosis in three fruit flies to produce gametes with the number of chromosomes indicated. The male then mates with both female A and female B to produce three zygotes (1, 2, and 3).
The parental crosses should have been virgin females with genotype dp-se+ and phenotype dumpy wings and wild type, red eyes with sepia males with the genotype dp+se- and phenotype normal wings and sepia eyes, along with its reciprocal cross. Due to lack of flies during lab, we only made tubes for virgin dumpy winged female and sepia male. The following week we were unable to remove the parent flies, so we had to use a previous labs premade flies to continue the experiment. An important concept to understand, that was not tested in this experiment, was that reciprocal crosses cannot be treated as the same for Drosophila when the traits observed are sex-linked. In this case the traits we are observing are not sex-linked, so it does not matter with our test cross. It was also important to use only virgin females when conducting all crosses to ensure that the female has not stored any semen for use later in mating. Thi was necessary so that we saw proper distribution of traits according to parental phenotype and genotype
In this lab, we experimented on wingless samples of Drosophila. Now, there are two different types of fruit flies as discovered by Marla Sokolowski; one walks around more than the other. The names Rover and Sitter are given respectively. The main difference between the two types are demonstrated when feeding. Speaking of which, fruit flies don’t feed on the fruit itself, what they feed on are the bacteria that grow on rotting fruit. The fruit flies find food to eat via the use of chemoreceptors, which alert the fly that there is food nearby by stimulating its sense of smell. They will then fly over to the food source and start feeding. Now this is where the difference between Rovers and Sitters comes to play. Let’s say the fruit fly runs out
The F2 punnett square shows that there should not be a female fly that has apterous wing mutation. Our observed experiment showed that female flies are capable of forming in the F2 Generation. Therefore, the mutation is located on autosomal chromosomes. In trial 1, the p value is not significant. This could be due to the fact that the male to female ratio in the F1 generation was unequal. In trial 2, the p value is significant and likely due to chance. The probability error is between 1 % and 5%.
I absolutely loved Stick Fly—my attention was captured during the entire play. There were moments when and I cried and there were other moments when I laughed. The scene was amazing! It looked so realistic, especially the bookshelf and the kitchen cabinets. I could have lived in that house if it was really a house. The set design and the actors’ clothes fit in with the time period. The lighting was great also. There were these window panels hanging around the room and as the scenes changed the lights over the panels caught people’s attention. I would notice people turning around looking at the lights. Also my favorite was the light outside of the kitchen window. Once again, it looked very realistic the light would change as the time of day changed. You were able to notice when it was day, evening, and night due to the light from the kitchen window. Another thing that made the scene so realistic was that the sink actually worked. Overall, the set was amazing!
The effect of light and dark environments played a role in the phenotypic frequencies of the Drosophila melangaster. In the light environment, the red eye phenotypic frequency in both males and females steadily increased, while the white eye phenotypic frequency for both males and females steadily decreased over time with each measurement. Figure 1 shows a steady increase and decrease in the phenotypic frequency of the red and white eye allelic frequencies of males, which is evident by the sideways "v" shape of the graph. The red eye allelic frequency was high in both males and females in the light environment. In the dark environment, figure 1 shows that the male allelic frequency does change for both white and red eyes. The female phenotypic
A fly with just the “promoter-Gal4” is known as the driver line. The “UAS-GFP” alone in fly allows us to determine what specific foreign gene is introduced into the fruit fly’s genetic makeup. In this case, the “UAS-GFP” alone in flies allows us to determine that GFP is the incorporated foreign gene into the fruit flies genome, but it is not actively expressed. A fly with just the “ UAS-GFP” in known as the responder line. This allows for the crossing over of both lines of flies to show an expression of a specific gene at a specific tissue in their offspring and this allows to determine the effects of both components in the fruit
Sex determination is decided by the 23rd pair of chromosomes commonly known as the sex chromosomes. Males have XY as their 23rd pair and females have XX. A female gamete, the ovum, can only receive only the X chromosome and the male gamete, the spermatozoon can receive either the X or the Y chromosome when meiosis occurs. Therefore the male sperm is responsible for the sex determination of the baby.