Theorist Nursing Background:
Dr. Hildegard E. Peplau, one of the world's leading nurses and theorists who is known to the world as the mother of psychiatric nursing, was born into an immigrant family in Reading Pennsylvania, USA in 1909 ( Sills, 2007). The devastating flu epidemic of 1918 influenced Dr. Peplau’s understanding and the impact of illness and death on families ( Sills, 2007). As a result, Dr. Peplau decided to attend nursing school. In 1931 she received her diploma from Pottstown Pennsylvania School of Nursing (Sills, 2007).Soon after graduation she began her career as a staff nurse in Pennsylvania and New York City (Sills, 2007). After becoming the school nurse at Bennington College in Vermont, Peplau earned her Bachelor’s degree in interpersonal psychology, in 1943 ( Sills, 2007). She then started working in a private psychiatric facility. During the world war second (1943-1945) Dr. peplau served in the Army Nurse Corps and was assigned to the Field Station Hospital in England, where the American School of Military Psychiatry was located ( Sills, 2007). It was during the war that Dr. Peplau enhanced her nursing knowledge and practice through direct participation in both learning and practicing. In 1947 Dr. Peplau received her masters and doctoral degrees from Teachers College, Columbia University ( Sills, 2007). In 1954 she was certified in psychoanalysis by the William Alanson White Institute of New York City ( Sills,2007). In the early 1950s, she developed and taught the first classes for graduate psychiatric nursing students at Teachers College ( Sills, 2007). From 1954- 1974 Dr. Peplau was a member of the faculty of the College of Nursing at Rutgers University ( Sills, 2007).There she created the first graduate ...
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... and Their Works. St. Louis: Mosby.
In Johnson, B. & Webber, P. (2005). An Introduction to Theory and Reasoning in
Nursing, pp. 128-131. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
Marchese, K. (2006). Using Peplau's theory of interpersonal relations to guide the education of patients undergoing urinary diversion. Urologic Nursing, 26(5), 363-371.
Nursing Theories, (2012). Theorist-Hildegard. E. Pepalu. A Companion to nursing theories and models. Retrieved from: http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/interpersonal_theory.html
Sills, G. (2007). Hildegard Peplau. Hildegard peplau Nursing Theorist Homepage. Retrieved from: http://publish.uwo.ca/~cforchuk/peplau/obituary.html
Gonzalo, A. ( 2011). Hildegard E.Peplau: Theory of Interpersonal Relations. Theoretical Foundations of Nursing. Retrieved from: http://nursingtheories.weebly.com/hildegard-e-peplau.html
The majority of our society holds the notion that nurses are no more than trained professionals, working for a doctor, who simply provide medical care for the sick and informed. However, what nursing means to me goes deeper than that belief. Nursing is a profession in which individuals are responsible for not only the care of the sick and infirmed but are also responsible for being a support system and an educator, as well as an advocate for the promotion of optimal care. In today’s society, nurses are an important part of any medical facility’s investment. This paper will address the many different aspects of nursing in which nurse’s act as not only caregivers but also act as, counselors and educators.
In 1978, Susan Sheehan took an interest in Sylvia Frumkin, a schizophrenic who spent most of her life in and out of mental hospitals. For more than two years, Sheehan followed Sylvia around, observing when Sylvia talked to herself, sitting in on sessions with Sylvia’s doctors, and at times, sleeping in the same bed as Sylvia during her stay at the psychiatric centers. Through Sheehan’s intensive report on Sylvia’s life, readers are able to obtain useful information on what it’s like to live with this disorder, how impairing it can be for them, and the symptoms and causes to look out for; likewise, readers can get an inside look of how some mental hospitals are run and how a misdiagnosis can negatively impact someone’s life.
Stuart, G. W. (2009). Principles and Practice of Psychiatric Nursing (9th ed. pp 561). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby.
Meleis, A. I. (2012). Theoretical nursing: Development & progress (5th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams, & Wilkins. [CourseSmart version]. Retrieved from http://www.coursesmart.com
Rather than preparing graduates in education or consulting as previous graduate nursing programs had done, this program educated psychiatric-mental health nurses as therapists with the ability to assess and diagnose mental health issues as well as psychiatric disorders and treat them via individual, group, and family therapy (ANA, 2014). Thus, the Psychiatric Mental Health Clinical Nurse Specialist (PMH-CNS), one of the initial advanced practice nursing roles (Schmidt, 2013), was born. After Community Mental Health Centers Act of 1963 led to deinstitutionalization of individuals with mental illness, PMH-CNSs played a crucial role in reintegrating formerly institutionalized individuals back into community life (ANA, 2014). PMH-CNSs have been providing care in a wide range of setting and obtaining third-party reimbursement since the late 1960’s. In 1974 a national certification for PMH-CNSs was created (APNA, 2010). Subsequently, PMH-CNSs began to be granted prescriptive privileges in the Pacific Northwest in the late 1970s, that practice has now spread to 37 states and the District of Columbia (APNA,
“Apprehension, uncertainty, waiting, expectation, fear of surprise, do a patient more harm than any exertion. Remember he is face to face with his enemy all the time, internally wrestling with him” (Nightingale, 1992, p. 22). Fortunately, in the nineteenth century, Florence Nightingale recognized uncertainty could cause harm to her patients (Nightingale, 1992). Equally important to the nursing profession are the nursing theorists, their work, and the evolution of the theories that followed Florence Nightingale, the founder of modern nursing (Alligood, 2014). One of the many theorists that followed the founder of modern nursing, Florence Nightingale, was Merle Mishel (Alligood, 2014).
Tomey, A. M. (2006). Nursing theorists of historical significance. In A. M. Tomey & M. R. Alligood (Eds.), Nursing theorists and their work (pp. 54-67). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Clinical psychology is one of the oldest school of thought in the field of psychology. Its growth has been noted from as early as the end of World War II and its beginning even further back. Clinical psychology was born out of a change in thinking about the motive behind human behaviour. Jean Jacques Rosseau in 1749 put forward the idea that humans’ natural inclination towards good had been corroded by ‘society and civilization’. Furthermore he argued that humans should be guided by their instincts rather than rational thought (Reismann, 1976). The school of thought gave rise to a new line of thinking which gave hope to the field of science that had the task of dealing with baffling illnesses such as mental disorders as it was now believed that these disorders could be diagnosed and treated in isolation. These ideals were believed to be egotistica...
Varcarolis, E. M., Carson, V. B., & Shoemaker, N. C. (2006). In Foundations of Psychiatric Mental Health Nursing (p. 283). St. Louis: Elsevier Inc.
Watson, J. (2008). Nursing. The philosophy and science of caring. New Revised Edition. Boulder, Co: University Press of Colorado.
Toomey, A., & Alligood, M. (2006). Nursing theorists and their work (6th ed.). St Louis, MO:
Over the years, there has been countless nursing theories has been developed in the field of nursing, but Lydia E.Halls theory has had a major impact in the nursing field. Hall’s background in psychiatry, rehabilitive care and with the help of her extensive knowledge and experience in the field of nursing, she derived a theory, focusing on the notion that centers on three components of care cure and core. The purpose of this paper is to present and explore the historical evolution of the theory and discuss the purpose of the theory. Lastly, explain the effect of Hall’s theory had on the profession of nursing.
Peplau published her Theory of Interpersonal Relations in 1952, and in 1968, interpersonal techniques became the crux of psychiatric nursing. The Theory of Interpersonal Relations is a middle-range descriptive classification theory. According to (Senn, 2013, p. 31), middle-range theories focus on a portion of reality or human experience, involving a selected number of concepts. Peplau’s theory was influenced by Henry Stack Sullivan, Percival Symonds, Abraham Maslow, and Neal Elger Miller.
Over one hundred years after Florence Nightingale’s death nursing has come a very long way. Today, it is more complex than could have ever been imagined over a century ago. In fact, the profession of nursing has evolved considerably in just the last fifty years of practice. According to Kathleen Stevens (2013), it was not until the 1960s that nursing education was established as an applied science. Now, not only are nurses educated, but also they have ethical standards to uphold, have autonomy in their practice, and are recognized by the government through
Meleis, A. I. (2007). Theoretical nursing: Development and progress (4th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.