The Domain Name System (DNS) is a distributed, hierarchical database of Internet name and address information. The purpose of the DNS is to resolve, or map, the names of host computers to numerical IP (Internet Protocol) addresses. Every computer connected to the Internet has its own unique IP address. The IP address is a 32-bit number that is conventionally presented in dotted decimal form divided into four binary octets. The domain name is an alphanumerical name that corresponds to the IP address. The founders of the Internet introduced the concept of domain names because alphanumerical names are easier for humans to understand and remember than relatively long, meaningless IP addresses.
The domain name space is organized hierarchically according to a root and tree structure. When read from left to right, the name follows a path from the branches of the tree to the root. A domain name, such as , essentially consists of two main elements: the top-level domain (TLD), second-level domain (2LD) and sometimes it may contain a third or higher level domain. The machine-readable addresses are called IP (Internet Protocol) addresses, because the location of data on the Internet is identified using the Internet Protocol Address System. Every resource on the Internet (web site, web page or e-mail address) must have a unique Internet Protocol address. Without this unique identifying address, resources on the Internet will not be able to find other specific resources. There will, for example, be no way of making sure that the important e-mail one sends will reach the intended addressee. Domain names are converted into a thirty-two-bit dotted decimal notation, or a number consisting of four octets (sets of eight binary digits...
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...a and without a presence on the Internet. Thousands of domain names were registered with the ulterior motives of reselling the domain names for profit, or of using established trade marks and brands to attract custom to web sites by registrants with no actual relation or right to the mark or brand. It was, therefore, only a matter of time before an inherent tension between domain names and intellectual property rights became apparent, which tension raises challenging policy questions.
Interestingly, the DNS system is essentially a privately administered system that confers rights through registrations that can be accessed from around the globe, giving the ‘rights holder’ an international presence. The intellectual property rights system, on the contrary, is publicly administered on a strictly territorial basis, and confers rights only within a specific territory.
The World Wide Web and the internet is not the same thing, and they are often confused with being the one and same. However, the internet existed long before the www (World Wide Web). The internet refers to the massive network of computers stretching all over the world. The word internet also found its origin through this, the word comes from the two words interconnected and network. Though we can all with each other through internet, all the computers are not connected to the one and same mega computer. For each network there are one or several computers that hold the information that is needed to access all the information. This arrangement is known as the client-server architecture.
There is a long history of intellectual property rights, as it was “Johannes Gutenberg's printing press, developed around 1450, that made books quickly available at a reasonable cost”, that made writers begin to worry about their books being distributed without their permission., and therefore they would not make the profits from usual sales (Cushman). Fast forward some years, to the late twentieth century, when a “two-part invention, the computer and the Internet, had a similar impact as the printing press”, enabling people to simply copy and share files, as on the Internet all forms of media are composed of binary code, ensuring that all electronic devices can read them (Cushman). To help protect these copyrights, the World Intellectual Property Organization was created in 1967 by NATO to replace the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property which was an agency that was created to observe the Berne Convention which is an international agreement to recognize patents.
From the above part (b), Yahoo.com and google.com are the web servers that have multiple IP addresses
Intellectual property abounds in our society, it is the direct result of the expression of an idea or other intangible material (Zuber, 2014). Our laws provide rights which are specific to the owner of the intellectual property. Furthermore, intellectual property is protected by laws just like tangible property is protected (Lau & Johnson, 2014). The most widely known forms of intellectual property rights include: trade secrets for confidential information, patents for a process/invention, copyrights for creative items and trademarks for brands (Lau & Johnson, 2014). While these rights may appear very defined, there are times when questions
Intellectual property is an incredibly complicated facet of the law. In the United States, we have many laws in place to control and limit profiting from others intellectual property. The issue is not only profiting from others intellectual property, but not purchasing the property from the originator as well. We will discuss why it is important to protect this property as well as why it is tremendously difficult to regulate all these safe guards. “Intellectual Property has the shelf life of a banana.” Bill Gates
Mitchell, R. L. (2005, June 25). Computer World. Retrieved October 16, 2011, from Computer World: http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9134605/Domain_name_wars_Rise_of_the_cybersquatters
Ten years ago, the Internet as we know it hit screens. It was 1995 when Explorer and Netscape emerged as the leading browsers for Internet users. Of course, a lot has changed since the days when it took several minutes to load one Web page. Today, URLs are as common as phone numbers for most businesses.
Charles M. Kozierok. (2005). DNS Components and General Functions .Available: http://www.tcpipguide.com/free/t_DNSComponentsandGeneralFunctions.htm. Last accessed 1st April 2014.
[xvi] Tavani, Herman T., “Privacy and the Internet” Ethics and Technology Conference, Boston, MA, 5 June 1999. (Boston College Intellectual Property Forum, 2000).
The address of a computer on the Internet is commonly referred to as the IP Address (Internet Protocol). It's a 32 bit (4 bytes) number normally written as follows:
Intellectual property (IP) is defined as property that is developed through an intellectual and creative processes. Intellectual property falls under the category of property known as intangible rights, which includes patents (inventions of processes, machines, manufactures, and compositions of matter), copyrights (original artistic and literary works of), trademarks (commercial symbols), and trade secrets ((product formulas, patterns, designs). Intellectual property rights has a significant value to both individuals and businesses, providing in the case of large companies, over one half of their value on return. Since intellectual property rights are so important to the U.S. economy and its citizens, federal and state law provides protection, for example, civil damages and criminal penalties to be assessed against infringers. Due to the importance of intellectual property to a business, I don’t think that its protection and enforcement is going to be a thing of the past.
E-Jurisdiction (or the lack thereof)… At the beginning of a new century, the Internet Revolution is upon us. At the turn of the last century, when the Revolution was Industrial instead of Virtual, the courts and legislatures struggled to enact policies to keep pace with the changing times and technologies. Laws governing labor practices, trade practices, anti-trust regulations, and even intellectual property all developed in reaction to the surges of the new industrialized world. So too, in this new E-world, lawmakers are now attempting to quell the erosion wrought by the powerful Digital wave on our existing legal systems. Whether by adapting old mores to fit new paradigms, or by creating new standards with which to judge novel issues, lawmakers of the new millennium face overwhelming challenges in confronting the growing expanse of cyberspace. One such challenge is how to address the issue of Jurisdiction over disputes in a new global marketplace where the only boundaries are bandwidth. This paper will discuss some of the problems of E-Jurisdiction and present some possible solutions. "The unique nature of the Internet highlights the likelihood that a single actor might be subject to haphazard, uncoordinated, and even outright inconsistent regulation by states that the actor never intended to reach and possibly was unaware were being accessed. Typically, states' jurisdictional limits are related to geography; geography, however, is a virtually meaningless construct on the Internet." American Library Association v. Pataki, 969 F. Supp 160 (SDNY 1997). I. Problems with traditional jurisdiction analyses Traditionally, U.S. Courts have exercised jurisdiction only over those who h...
The Internet consists of a three level hierarchy composed of backbone networks (e.g. ARPAnet, NSFNet, MILNET), mid-level networks, and stub networks. These include commercial (.com or .co), university (.ac or .edu) and other research networks (.org, .net) and military (.mil) networks and span many different physical networks around the world with various protocols, chiefly the Internet Protocol.
Domain names are the addresses of the Internet, like www.amazon.com or ry.byu.edu. A domain name is part of a URL or “Universal Resource Locator;” an Internet Address. Each user on the Internet is identified by a unique IP address, consisting of four bytes (or 32 bits) from 0 to 255 separated by periods, such as 132.112.15.254. To avoid remembering such an unwieldy address, a domain name is used instead. When you type a domain name into your browser, it first looks it up in a “domain name server” or DNS, which is like a registry or telephone book that associates the name with the correct IP address.
The first step is to register a domain name. A domain name is used to identify your unique location on the web. There are a...