Headphones has come a long way since its beginning. The device that was originally used for communication and military application has become an accessory that we wear in the street.
Headphone is a contraption that put two small loudspeakers over the ear of the user. Based on the size, headphone can be considered as circumaural or supra-aural. Based on the design, headphone can be considered as open back, closed back, or semi open. Circumaural headphone is headphone that fully encompasses the ear, as opposed to supra-aural headphone, which sits over the ear. Open back headphone is a headphone design where the back of the earcup is open. This leads to more ambient sound and a more natural feel. A closed back headphone have the back of the headphone
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It shows that the frequency that deviate up to 10 dB ranges from 6-51000 Hz and the frequency that deviate up to 3 dB ranges from 14-441000 Hz. This is over the hearing range of human that falls from 20 Hz up to 20000 Hz.
Meanwhile, the sound characteristic of Beats can be described as tight and it has a strong low frequency. Hip-hop and dance music, those with sampled kick sound, goes really well with the sound characteristic of Beats. And those types of music are the kind of music that Dr. Dre made and produces. So Dr. Dre actually design the sound characteristic of Beats to complement the music that he made. Below can be seen the frequency response of Beats. The first image shows the original signal played without Beats, and the second image shows the signal after going through Beats.
“Figure 2: Frequency response from original signal”
“Figure 3: Frequency response after signal goes through Beats”
We can see the bump from 60 to 100 Hz that characterize the strong low frequency. There is also a boost in the high frequency to help make the sound “better”
As far as design goes Beats also depart from traditional premium headphone
It was proposed that if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase, then the sound produced will have a lower amplitude each time because the sound will lose energy as it continues in the pipe for a certain amount of time. However, the data actually showed that with every increase in pipe length, the amplitude got louder as well, thus refuting the hypothesis. These results made sense because what was created inside the PVC pipes was a standing still sound wave, or a resonance wave. These kinds of waves have certain locations on its wavelength in order for the change in sound to be heard, which it usually half a wavelength. With this, the tuning fork is 83.3Hz and a usual wavelength is about 300Hz, 300/83.3 = 3.6 meters, which is about 4 meters (half = 2 meters). So for the change in sound to be heard, the pipes had to be about 2 meters in change according to the frequency of the tuning
Raykar, V. C., Duraiswami, R., & Yegnanarayana, B. (2005). Extracting the frequencies of the pinna spectral notches in measured head related impulse responses. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 118(1), 364-374.
Cochlear Implants are frequently thought of as an end all solution to hearing loss, a cure for deafness. However there are a couple things wrong with this line of thinking: First CI’s are not a perfect replacement for fully functioning ears. Second, they will only work for a few deaf people.
Technology nowadays is getting more and more dangerous, especially to our ears. Every day we are subjected to videos, text sounds, alert sounds, alarms, and anything else that may be of use in life. These sounds seem to be happening more often which is damaging our ears. There is a solution to this damage though, and that is cochlear implants. These implants will bypass the damaged part of your ear to give you a sense of sound that can be made very useful to the patient. This paper will look into how the ear works, how hearing loss happens, why these cochlear implants are a good solution, how these implants work, cost and ethics related to these implants, and what the future holds for them.
In the middle ear the sound is amplified in order to move the fluid in the ear.
The hearing aid is an electro-acoustic device that is generally fitted behind or in the wearer’s ear, how ever there are some hearing aids that can be implanted into the brain. Electro-acoustic is a term used to explain how the hearing aid works, the electro section is because it is electronic and the acoustic is used as the device amplifies the sound. It is used by a sm...
Sound is a wave, which can change in pitch according to changing air pressure. It is produced by the vibrations of objects. Waves can be measured by speed (v), frequency (f), wavelength (λ), and period. The frequency of a wave describes how many cycles of a wave occur per unit time. A sound with a high frequency has more wavelengths in a set amount of time than a sound with a low frequency. High frequencies have smaller wavelengths, and low frequencies have larger wavelengths. The higher frequency, the higher the perceived pitch. The wavelength, frequency, and speed are all related by the equation: v = fλ. They can also be used in the equation: f = v/λ.
When a person is “hard of hearing” and are still able to hear some noise and sounds, they are able to get hearing aids. Hearing aids amplify the incoming sound and improve hearing ability. However, hearing aids cannot restore normal hearing. On the other hand, cochlear implants are used when a person has very little ability to hear in one or both ears. A cochlear implant results in a current being sent along the auditory nerve. This produces a sensation of hearing, although it is not a restoration of hearing. It is done through the surgical implantation of a device in the mastoid bone behind the ear. Externally, a microphone picks up sound from the environment, and a speech processor filters the sound selectively for audible speech and sends it to a transmitter, from which the processed sound signals are sent to the internal deice. Internally, a receiver and stimulator converts the signal into electric impulses which are sent to an array of electrodes, and from there to the brain through the auditory nerve system (Mackay 51).
momentum transfer when air molecules collide. Our ‘subjective impression’ about the frequency of a sound is called pitch. High pitch has high vibration frequency, while low pitch has a low vibration frequency. A pure musical tone consists of a single pitch or frequency. However, most musical tones are “complex summations” of various pure frequencies - one characteristic frequency, called the fundamental, and a series of overtones or harmonics Younger people can usually hear pitches with frequencies from about 20 hertz (infrasonic) to 20,000 (ultrasonic) hertz. We can’t hear above 20,000 hertz or below 20 hertz (ultra and infrasonic waves).
Although our ears may seem small and insignificant, they’re actually a vast network of channels and inner workings made out of two subsystems, the peripheral and central auditory systems to be exact. The way each works is pretty simple, with the peripheral having the outer, middle, and inner ear. The central system on the other hand has only two functions because it goes from the cochlear nucleus and works its way up to the primary auditory complex. Each section is shaped in such a precise way as to better help the next step which is what I’m going to try to explain without messing up too much. What the auditory system in full does is take a wide range of mechanical signals and turns them into a sequence of electrical impulses directly sent
In addition, there may be electromagnetic interferences from medical equipment and nearby power sources that may degrade ABR responses making the waveforms unclear and difficult to interpret, which could result in an underestimation or overestimation of hearing loss. Also, it is argued that the auditory brainstem response is “not a true test of hearing” (phonakpro.com, online) because it reflects activity of the peripheral auditory system and brainstem pathways that are useful in peripheral sensitivity but it does not assess auditory function at the corticol level. It is also argued that behavioural testing should be included when an infant reaches a suitable age for a more accurate evaluation of hearing. Another limitation is that click ABR does not provide frequency specific information and does not produce a clear wave V, which is required for threshold estimation; therefore tone pip ABR must be carried out to provide frequency specific
as Hertz (Hz). The sounds of speech are in the range of 250 Hz to 4000
Each of the senses receives a different stimulus that allows us to perceive that specific type of information. For hearing the stimulus is sound waves. These are waves of pressure that are conducted through a medium (Martini, 2009). Often this medium is air but it can also be water or a solid object. Each wave consists of a region where the air molecules are gathered together and an opposite region where they are farther apart (Martini, 2009). A wavelength is the distance between either two wave peaks or two wave troughs. The number of waves that pass through a fixed reference point in a given time is the frequency. High pitch sounds have a high frequency where as low pitch sounds have a low frequency (Myers, 2010). The amplitude is the amount of energy, or intensity, in a sound wave. The more energy that a sound wave has, the louder it seems. For us to perceive any of the sound waves around us, they must pass through the external, middle, and inner ea...
The External or Outer Ear - comprises of the auricle or pinna which is the fleshy part of the outer ear. It is cup-shaped and collects and amplifies sound waves which then passes along the ear canal to the ear drum or tympanic membrane. The rim of the auricle is called the helix and the inferior portion is called the lobule. The external auditory canal is a carved tube and contains a few hair and ceruminous glands which are specialized sebaceous or oil glands. These secrete ear wax or cerumen. Both the hairs and the cerumen help prevent dust and foreign objects from entering the ear. A number of people produce large amounts of cerumen, and this sometimes cause the build up to be impacted and can bri...
What distinguishes sound waves from most other waves is that humans easily can perceive the frequency and amplitude of the wave. The frequency governs the pitch of the note produced, while the amplitude relates to the sound le...