Risk Factors
In one observational study, patients with constipation were not directly related to diverticulosis. Patients who had more frequent bowel movements developed a greater risk for diverticulitis (Sames, 1970).
The risk of developing diverticulitis increases with age. Changes related to age, like a weakened elasticity of the colon wall contribute to formation of diverticula.
In countries where a high fiber diet is common, the rate of diverticulitis is drastically lower than countries with more processed food choices and lower fiber intake. Industrialized countries tend to have a diet high in refined carbohydrates, and lower in fiber. Fiber helps keep the stool soft and from getting impacted in the colon walls. An increasing number of patients with diverticulitis occurred after the development of steel rolling mills. The content of fiber in flour and other grains was greatly lowered by these mills (Andeweg, Peters, Bleichrodt & Goor, 2008).
A lack of exercise has been said to be associated with greater numbers of patients with the formation of diverticulitis, though the reasons are unknown. Obesity also plays a role in the development of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. Cigarette smokers are also at higher risk of forming diverticulitis (Strate, Liu, Aldoori, Syngal, & Giovannucci, 2009).
Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin, have been associated with diverticular complications. A study had been created to test the influence of the NSAIDs and aspirin use in correlation with the risks of diverticulitis and diverticular bleeding. The study concluded that regular use of aspirin or NSAIDs is in fact associated with the increased risk of diverticulitis and diverticular bleedi...
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...different therapeutic strategies in preventing diverticulitis recurrence. European Review for Medical and Pharmacological Sciences, 17, 342-8. PMID: 23426537
Van de Wall, B., Draaisma, W., Consten, E., van der Graaf, Y., Otten, M., de Wit, A., van Stel, H., Gerhards, M., Wiezer, M., Cense, H., Stockmann, H., Leijtens, J., Zimmerman, D., Belger, E., Wagensveld, B., Sonneveld, E., Prins, H., Coene, P., Karsten, T., Klaase, J., Muller, M., Crolla, R., Broeders, I.(2010). Direct trial. Diverticulitis recurrences or continuing symptoms: Operative versus conservative Treatment. A multicenter randomized clinical trial. BMC surgery, 10(25), http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2482/10/25 PMID: 20691040
Vermeulen, J., van der Harst, E., Lange, J. (2010). Pathophysiology and prevention of diverticulitis and perforation. The Jornal of Medicine, 68(10), 303-9. PMID: 21071775
In conclusion, 1 out of 10 people are at risk for gallbladder attacks. Gallstones are the main reason for these attacks. If you’re older, a female or overweight and have a sedentary lifestyle, a diet high in fat and sugar, you pose to be a potential candidate for these painful attacks.
Acute pancreatitis following endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) appears to be the most frequent major complication, occurring in 1-10% of patients overall, with a mortality rate ranging from 0.2-0.6% and an annual healthcare expenditure cost reaching $150 million in USA alone (1) (2). Several risk factors have been reported to play a role in ERCP-induced pancreatitis; some are patient-related (i.e. sphincter of Oddi dysfunction (SOD), female gender, history of pancreatitis, pancreatic acinar opacification), while others are procedure-related (i.e. precut or needle-knife endoscopic sphincterotomy, repeated pancreatic duct injection, difficult cannulation), and this may be useful in stratifying patients into low-risk or and high-risk categories (3).
complications include hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction (from intessusception or volvulus) and neoplasia. In our case the patient had a proximal small bowel obstruction secondary to gallstone ileus with impaction of two smaller stones at a MD. This is exceptionally rare with only 3 cases having been reported in the literature. The techniques for surgical resection of MD are simple diverticulectomy or a segmental small bowel resection. As far as we know, there are no studies directly comparing these two resection techniques. However, as in our case, if the small bowel lumen is in danger of being narrowed or the neck of the diverticulum is wide, a segmental resection is favored over a simple diverticulectomy. [3]
Crohn’s disease is an inflammatory bowel disease. It is a fairly common disease that affects a large population causing abdominal pain, frequent bloody stools, and fatigue
Weinstock, J. V., & Elliott, D. E. (2009). Helminths and the IBD hygiene hypothesis. Inflammatory bowel diseases, 15(1), 128-133.
Abstract: Salmonella is a bacterium that causes one of the most common intestinal infections in the United States - Salmonellosis. The chance of contracting this disease is significantly high, and more and more people are suffering from the symptoms and complications of Salmonella. This paper will discuss about the disease itself, the current outbreaks that are related to this disease, preventions and the treatments.
Chamberlain, R., & Martindale, R. (2007, October 31). The role of the surgeon and the surgical care team: proactive strategies for preventing postoperative ileus. Evidence-based Management of Postoperative Ileus, 1-7. Retrieved from www.esng-meded.com/surgerynews/e-supplement_001.pdf
IBS is a functional GI disorder, meaning it cannot be explained by any specific structural or biochemical abnormality. The disorder is subdivided into three different types, which are named on the basis of the predominant symptom – IBS-D (diarrhea-predominant), IBS-C (constipation-predominant), IBS-M (mixed diarrhea and constipation). Clinical presentation varies considerably with regard to the quality of the predominant feature and the overall severity of symptoms. Formal diagnosis is based on the most recent Rome III criteria, which require that a patient experience recurrent abdominal discomfort of at least 3 days per month over the previous 3 months, with a total symptom duration of at least 6 months, in...
This disease affects the muscles in the intestines. It can cause gas, abdominal pain, diarrhea and constipation. It usually does not lead to further diseases. Most people can control the symptoms through diet, stress management and medication.
Through the years, IBS has been called by many names -- colitis, mucous colitis, spastic colon, spastic bowel, and functional bowel disease. Most of these terms are inaccurate. Colitis, for instance, means inflammation of the large intestine (colon). IBS, however, does not cause inflammation and should not be confused with ulcerative colitis, which is a more serious disorder.
According to epidemiological studies conducted in 1997, the disease typically afflicts white, educated women in their early to mid-40s. The spectrum of symptom severity, however, can vary from person to person. Some people experience the urge to urinate (up to 70 times per day), while others endure bladder pressure or, in severe cases, unremitting bladder pain.
Secondary:Curtis, L. (2008). Prevention of hospital-acquired infections: review of non-pharmacological interventions. Journal of Hospital Infection, 69(3), 204-219. Revised 01/20
A randomized trial of ondansetron for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhea, was a two-centre, double-blind, placebo controlled crossover study of ondansetron 4 mg/tablet versus placebo. The inclusion criteria of the study were age 18–75 years, IBS-D patients meeting the Rome III criteria, women of childbearing age should agree to have contraception during the study, no evidence of inflammatory bowel disease/microscopic colitis and able to give informed consent. The exclusion criteria were pregnancy or br...
Risk factors for both Cholecystitis /cholelithiasis includes obesity; rapid weight loss in obese individuals; middle age; female gender; use of oral contraceptives; American Indian ancestry; gallbladder, pancreatic, or ileal disease; low HDL cholesterol level and hypertriglyceridemia; and gene-environmental interactions (Doig &Huether, 2014).
Gastroenteritis, sometimes referred to as infectious diarrhoea is a common disease that affects millions of people annually. It is a disease caused by viruses, bacteria or parasites that enter the human body and spread, which induce symptoms such as vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain and nausea. Although it is a common occurrence in society and is usually not harmful, cases of gastroenteritis in less developed countries may have more fatal repercussions due to their inability to access ample means of treatment. Over time, as more research was conducted into the disease, scientific developments were made to aid those affected by gastroenteritis and reduce the number of fatalities by educating people regarding preventative methods.