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Otitis externa case study
Otitis externa case study
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In discussing otitis externa, the diagnosis can be explained by misdiagnosis. Some patients are diabetic immunocompromised with severe pain in the ear should have necrotizing OE excluded by an otolaryngologist. Otitis externa is an inflammation or infection of the external auditory canal, the auricle, or both. It is a common disease that can be found in all age groups. OE usually represents an acute bacterial infection of the skin of the ear canal (most commonly attributable to Pseudomonas aeruginosa or staphylococcus aureus, but can also be caused by other bacteria, viruses, or a fungal infection. Several factors can contribute EAC infection and development of OE, include the following, absence of cerumen, high humidity, retained water in ear canal, increase temperature, local trauma. Although OE rarely causes prolonged problems or serious complications, the infection is responsible for significant pain and acute morbidity. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate therapy cure the majority of cases without complications, however, patients who are diabetic, immunocompromised, or untreated may develop necrotizing OE, a potentially life-threatening. (Medscape 2014).
Primary treatment of otitis externa involves management of pain, removal of debris from the external auditory canal, administration of topical medications to control edema and infections, and avoidance of contributing factors. Most cases can be treated with over-the-counter analgesics and topical eardrops. Commonly used eardrops include acetic acid drops, which change the pH of the ear canal, antibacterial drops, which control bacterial growth, and antifungal preparations. In severe cases, oral or intravenous antibiotic therapy and narcotic analgesics may be requi...
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...ludes weight management and regular activity is the primary advice. Type 2 diabetes will be first managed with a drug call Metformin after checking that lifestyle changes alone are ineffective in controlling blood sugar. Other methods are patients are advised to regularly monitor their blood glucose to prevent fluctuations. They need to take extra precautions like attend check-ups, regular eye checks, adequate foot care, wear a medi-alert bracelet and have some sugar available at hand for emergency low blood sugar or hypoglycaemia episodes.
References
Otitis Externa. Retrieved on January 28, 2014. . From the website
www.emedicine.medscape.com
News-Medical.net Retrieved on January 28, 2014. From the website
www.News-Medical.Net
CDC Arthritis. Retrieved on January 28, 2014. From the website
www.cdcthearthritischallenge-rheumaticarthritis
HEENT: no headache, no tinnitus, no hearing loss, mouth sores, no voice changes, no problems swallowing, sinus congestion, no visual disturbances.
Acute paronychia is most commonly caused by a direct or indirect trauma of the cuticle. Such trauma may be minor and result from usual procedures, such as dishwashing, an injury from a splinter or thorn, onychophagia (nail biting), finger sucking, biting or picking at a hangnail, an ingrown nail, artificial nail application, manicure procedures, or other nail manipulation. This kind of trauma enables bacterial inoculation of the nail and consequential infection, with Staphylococcus aureus being the most common pathogen, although Streptococcus pyogenes, Pseudomonas or Proteus may also cause paronychia. Other anaerobic gram-negative bacteria may also be involved, in case the trauma is exposed to oral flora. Except from bacterial infection, acute paronychia may also occur as a manifestation of other disorders affecting the extremities, such as pemphigus vulgaris.
Cholesteatoma is a growth of excess skin or a skin cyst (epithelial cyst) that contains desquamated keratin and grows in the middle ear and mastoid (Thio, Ahmed, & Bickerton, 2005). A cholesteatoma can grow and spread, destroying the ossicles, tympanic membrane and other parts of the ear. They appear on the pars flaccida and pars tensa sections of the tympanic membrane. A cholesteatoma can occur when a part of a perforated tympanic membrane is pushed back into the middle ear space, debris and skin cells can build up forming a growth. It can obstruct tympanic membrane movement and movement of the ossicles. As the layers grow, the amount of hearing loss can increase. A cholesteatoma can be congenital (present at birth) or be acquired as a result of another disease. They can also be formed as a result of a surgery, trauma, chronic ear infection, chronic otitis media, or tympanic membrane perforation. It can develop beyond the tympanic membrane and cause intracranial and extracranial complications. Due to this patients can experience permanent hearing loss as a result of an infection of the inner ear as well as other serious health concerns. These include dizziness, facial nerve weakness and infections of the skull (Hall, 2013). Patients may present chronically discharging ear, hearing loss, dizziness, otalgia (ear pain), and perforations (marginal or attic).
The labyrinthitis is an inflammatory disease of the ' inner ear, whose main symptoms are dizziness, nausea and loss of balance. Inflammation of the labyrinth, which is that part of the inner ear that governs our sense of balance, it is in usually caused by an infection of viral or bacterial origin.
According to the Baylor College of Medicine (n.d.), Cochlear implantation can cause many adverse effects including bleeding, device malformation, facial nerve weakness, ringing in the ear, dizziness, and infection. One particular infection that can result from cochlear implants is meningitis. Since the implant runs between the middle and inner ear, bacteria that exists in the middle ear can travel to the inner ear which is usually sterile. This can cause an infection in the audotroy nerve which travels to the brain, resulting in meningitis (Baylor College of Medicine, n.d.). Another disadvantage of cochlear implants is the cost. The American Academy of Otolaryngology (2015) suggests that the implants can cost as much as $100,000 including the evaluation, surgery, device, and rehabilitation. This makes it almost impossible for the middle class family to afford the
Otitis Media (OM) is a common middle ear infection that occurs from a build up of fluid within the middle ear (Williams, 2003). This build up of fluid, or pus, is caused by a viral or bacterial infection within the middle ear (Williams, 2003). It is a common disease in childhood that can affect children and infants from as young as 6 weeks of age (Williams, 2003). Some symptoms include redness and inflammation within the ear canal, a bulging tympanic membrane, earaches, loss of hearing, and even nausea, dizziness and vomiting (Williams, 2003; Rural Health Education Foundation, 2014). As young children who develop the infection may not be able to communicate that their ears are sore, they will instead try and relieve this
...e importance of taking nutritious foods and multivitamins, try to stop drinking coffee for two or three days. Eating regular well balanced meals. Avoid fast-food lifestyle that can cause great fluctuation in blood sugar. Lastly, the patient will be able to describe the benefits of regular exercise and how regular exercise can improve blood glucose control. They should know the importance of relaxation and exercises, deep breathing which are popular ways to relieve stress and to avoid strenuous physical activity. Meditations, yoga are good ways of relieving stress.
Introduction: This paper will discuss a case study of Liam, a three-month-old boy who is transferred from the General Practitioner (GP) to a paediatric ward with bronchiolitis. Initially, Liam’s chief health issues will be identified, followed by a nursing assessment and diagnosis of the child’s needs. Focus will be made on the management of two major health problems: respiratory distress and dehydration, and summary and evaluation of the interventions with evidence of learning. Lastly, a conclusion of the author’s self-evaluation will be presented. Identification of specific key issues: Liam is a previously healthy boy who has experienced rhinorrhoea, intermittent cough, and poor feeding for the past four days.
... properly in relation to meals and in combination of other therapies will maintain tight glucose control. Great competency is shown by the client’s ability to verbally and visually demonstrate these skills and maintain the behavioral change six months or more with good quality of life. With that said, diabetes is a lifelong disease and requires lifelong management. Even the most compliant and competent client should be encouraged to follow-up on a regular basis to guarantee the best outcomes from living with diabetes.
Hearing loss is a major global public health issue. Hearnet (2017) defines hearing loss as “a disability that occurs when one or more parts of the ear and/or the parts of the brain that make up the hearing pathway do not function normally” (para. 1). There are many different types of hearing loss, which can have multiple causes, giving each individual experiencing the issue a unique hearing loss case. These types include Auditory Processing Disorders, when the brain has problems processing sound information; Conductive Hearing Loss, a problem with the outer or middle ear which prevents sound making its way to the inner ear; and Sensorineural Hearing Loss, when the Cochlea or auditory nerve is damaged and cannot
Diabetes is becoming an increasing problem in the United States, with half of all Americans becoming either diabetic or pre-diabetic. Treatments for Type-1 diabetes include taking insulin to help increase your glucose levels (blood sugar), eating healthy, maintaining healthy weight, and monitoring your daily levels. Type-2 treatments include most of Type-1’s treatments (excluding the taking of insulin) and in some cases a special diabetes medication or insulin therapy (Type-2).... ... middle of paper ...
Fungal or mycobacterial infections are believed to occur when the lung cells (macrophages) that fight these infections are overwhelmed with silica dust and are unable to kill mycobacteria and other organisms [Allison and Hart 1968; Ng and Chan 1991]. About half of the mycobacterial infections are caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB), with the other half caused by M. kansasii and M. avium-intracellulare [Owens et al. 1988]. The. Nocardia and Cryptococcus may also cause infections in silicosis victims [Ziskind et al.]. 1976].
“To manage diabetes, patients must take treatment for diabetes. There are two major treatments. They are diet treatment and tablet treatment. Oral anti diabetes drugs sulphonamide (sulphonylureas) and guanidine derivaties (biguanides) are used by 30% of all diabetes.” (6)
“Recreational water illnesses (RWIs) are caused by germs spread by swallowing, breathing in mists or aerosols of, or having contact with contaminated water in swimming pools, hot tubs, water parks, water play areas, interactive fountains, lakes, rivers, or oceans. RWIs can also be caused by chemicals in the water or chemicals that evaporate from the water and cause indoor air quality problems. RWIs may include a wide variety of infections, including gastrointestinal, skin, ear, respiratory, eye, neurologic and wound infections. Many RWIs (skin, ear, eye, respiratory, neurologic, wound, and other infections) are caused by germs that live naturally in the environment (for example, in water and soil)” (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention).
Otitis media, commonly known as an ear infection, is an infection located in the middle ear, commonly diagnosed in children. In 2006, approximately nine million children (age zero to seventeen) were reported to have otitis media, while medical costing to treat otitis media peaked at $2.8 billion dollars (Soni, 2008). Costing and statistics of otitis media will continue at the increasing rate due to the commonality of the infection. As a result of increasing cases of otitis media, an understanding of the disease’s classifications, causes, symptoms, diagnostic tests, and treatments will inform one of the diseases presences.