I. Introduction
On June 26, 2015, a Massachusetts Superior Court judge issued an injunction against the City of Boston, halting the City’s replacement and upgrade of existing handicapped accessible ramps in the Boston historic district of Beacon Hill. The Beacon Hill Civic Association, a group dedicated to the preservation and maintenance of Beacon Hill, had filed suit and sought an injunction against the City arguing for the preservation of the existing ramps to maintain the historic nature of Beacon Hill. This case exemplifies the tension seen all over the world of the issue of disability accessibility of historic cultural property in competition with the preservation of this property. Looking to find an answer on the balance of disability
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The BHAC guidelines include requirements to maintaining and repairing original and historically significant materials and architectural features in Beacon Hill whenever possible and if this is not possible the BHAC requires that the new material “shall match the materials being replaced in composition, design, color, texture, and other visible qualities.” The only exception that allows deviation from obtaining permission from for construction and alterations in Beacon Hill is if the City Building Commissioner certifies that an alternation, construction, or demolition is required in the interest of public safety because of an unsafe or dangerous condition with a building or other architectural feature on Beacon
In today’s society, American citizens tend to believe that America has been, “American” since the day that Christopher Columbus set foot in the Bahamas. This is a myth that has been in our society for a multitude of years now. In A New England Town by Kenneth A. Lockridge, he proves that America was not always democratic. Additionally, he proves that America has not always been “American”, by presenting the town of Dedham in 1635. Lockridge presents this town through the course of over one hundred years, in that time many changes happened as it made its way to a type of democracy.
To what extent will a rise in tourist numbers have a positive effect on the Castleton area’
This case study is a situation from Case Studies on Educational Administration (Kowalski, 2011). The background information is listed below.
Has Bushwick changed for good? I am a Bushwick resident for many years now and have seen the changes that have happened. Yes, I agree some things are in the best interest of all who live in this area however after listening to many long-time residents, my opinion has changed. Over the past several years, Bushwick, a neighborhood spanning 1.3 square miles with a population of over 85,000 residents is the next new spot for white residents. Property owners began renovating old buildings and offering them as "lofts" to white residents who want more space, cheap rent and easy access to Manhattan. Transportations to the city is a must to almost all white residents, because of this the MTA began making improvements on the L train. The reputation of Bushwick was notably “ghetto”, this changed once listings began to pop up for
The Greenhill Community Center was a multi-service center in Coastal City. Its main purpose was to provide human service programs for various factors throughout life with an intergenerational setting. Some of these included day care, elder programs, music classes, and afterschool programs. It was founded in 1982 and was set up in an old schoolhouse. In short, this community center could use some help.
Lansdowne Road, located at West 43rd street 10th Ave, brings people together in a popular neighborhood, Hell’s Kitchen, located at the west side of Manhattan. Pat Hughes, owner of Lansdowne Road, and his partners Mike Pew and Dan McLaughlin established Lansdowne Road, an Irish bar, with their savings and loans from the bank in the mid-2000s. Lansdowne Road has 18 employees and has an income of $826,000 USD per year. Lansdowne Road’s income positions Lansdowne to accommodate each employee, due to Governor Cuomo’s executive budget plan. Moreover, businesses with a sales volume of more than $500,000 USD per year, are expected to apply the new minimum wage of $15 an hour by 2018.
Baynton, Douglas. "Disability and Justification of Inequality in American History." The New Disability History. New York: New York University Press, 2001. 285-294. Print.
The preponderance of crimes in Groveland can be explained using the theories of social disorganization, strain theory, social control theory, and even labeling theory. Social disorganization theory, is emphasized the most throughout the narrative in Black Picket Fences. As described above, the moral fabric of law-abiding citizens and Groveland gangsters alike, contribute to crime being kept a minimum. Furthermore, various efforts of social control on the parts of both parties contribute to crime or lack thereof. In example, by Black Mobsters keeping drug activity in Groveland at a minimum, they are securing their profits on the one hand and deterring additional crime on the other
The Disability Discrimination Act of 1995 set out to end the discrimination people with disabilities encounter. The Act gave disabled people the right to employment, access to goods, facilities, and services and the right to buy and rent land and property. These rights came into force in December 1996, making treating a disabled person less favorably than an able-bodied person unlawful. Further rights came into force in October 1999, including the idea that service providers should consider making reasonable adjustments to the way they deliver their services so that people with a disability can use them. (The DDA...) However, despite these
Other jurisdictions that have taken up the issue have concluded such plaintiffs have standing. The Ninth Circuit recognizes the “deterrent effect doctrine” which means that an ADA plaintiff has Article III standing when the plaintiff encounters accessibility barriers and would return to the property if not for the barriers because the plaintiff “has been injured by the deterrent effect of the barriers actually encountered.” Chapman v. Pier 1 Imports (U.S.), Inc., 571 F.3d 853, 857-58 (9th Cir. 2009). See also, Doran v. 7-Eleven, Inc., 524 F.3d 1034, 1040 (9th Cir. 2008); Pickern v. Holiday Quality Foods, 293 F.3d 1133, 1135 (9th Cir. 2002). The Fifth Circuit has held that ADA plaintiffs “need not engage in futile gestures before seeking an injunction; the individual must show only that” the inaccessible property “affects his activities in some concrete way.” Frame v. City of Arlington, 657 F.3d 215, 236, cert. denied, ___ U.S. ___, 132 S. Ct. 1561, 182 L. Ed. 2d 168 (5th Cir. 2011). Some district courts interpreted this as the Fifth Circuit endorsing the deterrent effect doctrine and courts applied it in their cases. Kramer v. Lakehills South, LP, No. A-13-CA-591 LY, 2014 WL 51153, at *4 (W.D. Tex. Jan. 7, 2014); Gilkerson v. Chasewood Bank, 1 F. Supp. 3d 570, 584 (S.D. Tex. 2014). In fact, in a recent Colorado
The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 came about to prevent discrimination against disabled people. The act was designed to overturn some negative Supreme Court decisions that had been made since Section 504 of the 1973 Rehabilitation Act was passed. Section 504 was the first major legislation to define disabled people as a class. This Act gave wide protections to disabled people as a whole rather than individual disability. However, over the next 15 years the Supreme Court washed many of the protections away. The disabled community worked together to bring public awareness to the issue of discrimination and access to public areas that disabled people faced. After many years and many demonstrations, the disabled community was able to get the public aware of the issue and made it one of the pivotal issues of the presidential campaign in 1988. One of the major contributing factors to its passage was the Capital Crawl that occurred in 1989 when a...
Nearby resident Stephen Sweetman provides examples of making and remaking on City Road, in relation to connections and disconnections between people. Disconnected with disabled people, until a severe disablement of his own, Stephen soon became further disconnected, this time with people from the outside world. Family members connected with Stephen by introducing him to the use of a wheelchair. This action enabled Stephen to connect with fellow wheelchair users yet, after experiencing ‘discrimination’ (Havard, 2014, p.77) held against disabled people; he remained disconnected with the rest of society. While acknowledging how far society has travelled, along the road to securing acceptable disabled rights, Stephen stated,
The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is one of the most significant laws in American History. Before the ADA was passed, employers were able to deny employment to a disabled worker, simply because he or she was disabled. With no other reason other than the person's physical disability, they were turned away or released from a job. The ADA gives civil rights protections to individuals with disabilities similar to those provided to individuals on the basis of race, color, sex, national origin, age, and religion. The act guarantees equal opportunity for individuals with disabilities in public accommodations, employment, transportation, State and local government services, and telecommunications. The ADA not only opened the door for millions of Americans to get back into the workplace, it paved the road for new facilities in the workplace, new training programs, and created jobs designed for a disabled society (Frierson, 1990). This paper will discuss disabilities covered by the ADA, reasonable accommodations employers must take to accommodate individuals with disabilities, and the actions employers can take when considering applicants who have disabilities.
O'Brien, Ruth. "Two Horns of a Dilemma: The Americans With Disabilities Act." Crippled justice: the history of modern disability policy in the workplace. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. 162-205. Print.
The history of the disabled has had treatment that have been unreasonable . In the 1800’s, People with disabilities were forced to enter asylums or institution for their entire lives.