Diphtheria
Introduction
Diphtheria is a bacterial disease caused by the pathogen Corynebacterium diphtheriae. Diphtheria is a respiratory disease and can be a skin infection, but this is less common. The Corynebacterium diphtheriae multiply on the lining of the throat, nose or larynx, from here they divide and excrete a poisonous toxin. The bacteria and toxin destroy the lining of the throat, and a thick coating is formed and then the patient will develop serious inflammation of the throat. The coating in the throat can become detached and obstruct airways which makes breathing very difficult and can cause asphyxiation. Also the toxin penetrates the body and can cause damages of the cardiac muscle and nervous system.
Common symptoms
The symptoms of Diphtheria usually start around 3-5days after being infected with the bacteria. The symptoms are:
• High fever; 38C° or above
• Chills
• Fatigue
• Sore throat
• Headache
• Difficulty or pain when swallowing
• Difficulty breathing
• Foul smelling, blood stained nasal discharge
• Swollen glands (see image 1)
• A ...
Symptoms, which include diarrhea and abdominal pain, usually begin two to eight days after a person has been exposed to the bacteria and resolve within a week.
After an incubation period of five to ten days, or as long as 21 days, numerous symptoms can be observed. The symptoms come in two stages. The first stage consists of common cold symptoms such as sneezing, runny nose, low-grade fever, and a mild cough. It is during this time that the disease is most contagious, and it lasts from one to two weeks.
Ever wonder what kind of parasites are in your water, or how they can enter in to your body to make you very sick? Well it is most definite that no on want to get sick. The information found in this paper was collected over the past month, either by going to the library or by accessing information off the Internet at home, almost every night. The point that will be given to you is a little in information about the infectious disease called Schistosomiasis. The points the main points will be the causative agents, symptoms, hosts, methods of transmission and history of the disease. So lets see what Schistosomiasis is.
Botulism is a rare but very serious paralytic illness that is caused by the botulinum toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. C. botulinum is a gram positive, anaerobic, spore forming bacterium that is naturally occurring in soil. Botulism dates back to the eighteenth century when the first food borne botulism was documented. During this time many people were doing home fermented sausages and this was thought to be the cause of botulism. This is how the toxin got its name since “Botulism” in Latin comes from “botulus” which means sausage. E. van Ermengen was the first to discover the microbe in 1897 after there was a food borne outbreak in Ellezelles, Belgium. To date there are six forms of botulism but only two forms were known until the twentieth century which were food borne and wound botulism. The first type of botulism is food borne which is a result of ingesting food that contains the pre-form toxin. Some foods that this typically occurs in are home canned vegetables, cured pork and ham and smoked or raw fish. Wound botulism is the result of C. botulinum spores growing in a contaminated wound with in vivo production. Most people that get wound botulism usually have deep and contained avascular areas and many people also had compound fractures. Wound botulism is on the rise in the U.S. because of the use of illicit drugs, “the majority were linked to injectable drug use, particularly with so-called ‘black tar heroin’ and others with nasal or sinus lesions due to chronic cocaine sniffing.” (CDC website) Another form of botulism is infant botulism. This is caused from the endogenous production of toxin germinating spores of C. botulinum in the intestines of the infants. Also feeding an infant...
Sepsis is also called Septicemia and is a poisoning of the blood. This is an attack of bacteria into the bloodstream. Sepsis does not need blood poisoning to occur; it can affect multiple organs or the entire body without it happening. Sepsis is the body’s systematic inflammatory response to a bacterial infection (Jones, 2017). The infection can also have a wound or a chest infection or can be spread throughout the entire body. Sepsis’ definition is “a life-threatening condition that arises when the body’s response to infection injures its own tissues and organs” (McClelland, 2014). Sepsis is a leading cause of hospital admissions and can lead to death in hospital patients worldwide. The death rate associated with
It was spread very slowly and less broadly than other viral illnesses which took a long time to identify the infection in the first two weeks. Infection of smallpox started to grow between 7 to 10 days when the scabs formed into bruises. The signs and symptoms of this disease include high fever, widespread rashes, redness, muscle pain, headache, common cold, vomiting, nausea and many more. Consequently, the virus was found in the bone marrow along with bloodstream in huge numbers. There are different types of the smallpox disease with other classifications.
This disease, often referred to as lockjaw, is a very serious illness. It is found on almost anything, but is not a common illness. This is because the disease must be transported to the lower layers of the skin and must be sealed there to incubate and grow. Tetanus causes the muscles in the body, often the arms and facial region, to contract but not have the ability to relax. It's a state of rigamortis while the person infected is still alive. The tetanus toxin is one of the most potent poisons known, yet is found in your body right now. It is often located in feces and soil, but the intestinal enzymes destroy the toxin. The mortality rate for a person infected is about 40% and that number almost doubles if the person is very young or elderly. The muscles in the chest and abdomen eventually tense up and cause the person to either stop breathing, or stops their heart. So what does a person do to prevent such an illness form happening to them? The first thing to do is get a booster shot or vaccination from the tetanus toxin. With that in place, the chance of tetanus is almost 1%. There is still a chance that the person will become infected though. So treatment has been made possible but it is still in developmental stages. The first thing that is done is the body is treated with a sort of tetanus antitoxin in conjunction with human immune globulin. This, plus a percentage of dead Tetani, cause the body to create cells capable of eliminating the toxin found outside of the intestine. Deep puncture wounds are the main source of entry for tetanus. The toxin, known as tetanospasmin, travels to the brain through the blood. If tetanus is in the body for more than 15 days, and the body registers this, then the treatment is almost useless but may cause comfort. Often, a patient will have to have an IV of penicillin and sometimes, the tissue is removed from the body. For comfort, the doctors may also give muscle relaxants. The booster shot is given for 4 years to children from age two to age six and is known as a DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccine.
People affected with Legionnaires disease often have signs and symptoms extremely similar to signs associated with the flu, such as muscle aches, headaches, loss of appetite, and cough. Fevers tend to get high, ranging from temperatures of 102-105 degrees. Symptoms of Legionnaires disease usually do not show up until 2-10 days after a person is infected with the bacteria, and people normally experience other symptoms such as diarrhea and stomach cramps. Pontiac Fever, also known to be associate...
Our Sun continuously converts hydrogen into helium and with this process it provides the essentials for life processes. In doing this it controls “our climate, provides light, raises tides, and drives the food chain” (Schaefer 34). Our Sun also has influenced many beliefs now and in the past. History has documented Sun worshipping religions while many current societies use solar calendars (Schaefer 34).
It is a legend that has terrified sailors since Columbus first sailed towards America. Its name is not on any official map, but a quick Google search turns up 10,400,000 web pages, and 101,000 books. What legend is this? It is the legend of the Bermuda triangle. A host of theories attempts to explain the supposedly abnormal events in the Bermuda triangle in a supernatural or physically impossible way. These theories attract the most attention, and are what have promoted the Bermuda triangle to the status of “Legend”. Now, let us explore some of the more prominent ones, namely the Electronic Fog theory, the Hutchinson effect , and government experiments with advanced radar at AUTEC naval base.
The first sign an infection will take the innate from 0 to 12 hours to begin its attack. “The adaptive immune system, on the other hand, is called into action against pathogens that are able to evade or overcome innate immune defenses.” The innate and adaptive immune systems, Retrieved from http://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/immunology_module/prologue/objectives/obj02.html para. 2
Infection from C. tetani bacteria causes tetanus, a disease that affects the nervous system. The spores enter the host through open wounds.3 Many cells are dead at the wound site, which provides an ideal environment for the germination of more C. tetani spores. After entering the host, the bacteria releases a toxin, called tetanospasmin. The tetanospasmin is a peptide made out of two chains, one is a light chain while the other is heavy. The chains of this toxin produce inhibitors that bind to receptors and cause uncontrollable muscle contraction, which is a common symptom of tetanus. Tetanospasmin affects the human ne...
Some micro-organisms, such as Listeria monocytogenes and Clostridium botulinum, cause far more serious illness than vomiting or diarrhea. They can cause spontaneous abortion or death.
T. pallidum is highly sensitive to oxygen and has a decreased ability to survive when not in human body temperature environments 1. The mode of transmission is through sexual contact or vertical transmission from the mother to the fetus. T. pallidum lacks the lipopolysaccharide which is the endotoxin normally present in gram negative bacteria1. The bacterium does produce many lipoproteins which are thought to prompt the inflammatory mediators through the recognition of toll-like receptors1. T. pallidum has a virulence factor of being highly motile due to its ability to propel itself forward by rotating on a longitudinal axis1. The spirochetes easily penetrate the skin or mucosal membranes and spread throughout the lymph nodes and then the blood circulation, affecting many parts in the body1.
The Bermuda triangle is a place that boggles many scientists even in this day and age. The Bermuda Triangle, referred to by some as the Devil's Triangle, is in a western region of the North Atlantic Ocean where countless aircraft, ships and people have inexplicably disappeared. Throughout the years of 1955 and 1975 more than 428 vessels disappeared, along with 100 ships and 1000 lives (Obringer1). Where did these people and ships disappear off too and how come no remains were found is the mysterious question people yearn to find out. Back in the 1964, the Bermuda triangle was often nicknamed as The Devil's Islands, because sea travelers could hear various different screeching noises coming off the shores (Obringer1). The Bermuda Triangle is a whirl pool of mysterious occurrences where things have magically disappeared without any remains and no matter how many theories scientists come up with to solve the mysteries of this enchanted island, none come close to having answers for any incident that occurred on this island.