ABSTRACT
Scaling is a part of geometric transformation. Scaling transformation is used to change the size of an object either to shrink or enlarge (Yuwaldi, 2000). Object scaling is normally used in computer graphics. For example, the user can enlarge or shrink the drawn object according to certain specifications. In the medical field, scaling techniques are used by experts during the pre-surgery process. For manual template method, the surgeon must face two different expansion image i.e scale of the X-ray and the implant (template) scale (Siti Fairuz, 2009). The surgeon takes longer time to identify the appropriate implant size due to different resolution in the patient’s X-rays (Fang et al, 2006). This research is conducted with the purpose to show techniques and algorithms that can solve the problem of scaling in the medical field that involves the use of medical images and digital implants.
Keywords: implants, resolution, pixels, scaling
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pre-surgical evaluation is important in the hip joint replacement (THR) as it determines the size and position of the optimal implant before surgery. The accuracy of the results of pre-surgery enables to improve surgical procedures, save time and reduce damage to the implant after surgery (Hendrikus et al, 2008). Manual implant templating is rather difficult to execute due to X-ray film magnification factors that is constantly changing. In the process of digital templating, the templates and images can be automatically scaled to obtain the appropriate magnification scaling factor. However, the accuracy is depending on the scaling techniques used. By creating a better scaling techniques, the pre-surgical evaluation process can be impleme...
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...tput generated from the implant scaling techniques in this research, it can be said that the technique is capable of accurate implant scaling. Implant size will shrink or enlarge according to X-ray images size. With greater emphasis on the resolution and pixel density images, this technique enables to reduce errors during implant scaling. Besides that, the use of quality X-ray images can also give a large impact on in the production of scaling techniques with high accuracy.
7.0 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research project conducted in collaboration with Dr. Yazid Abd Kassim and Dr. Hami Abd Hamzaini Department of Orthopaedics, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras. HUKM orthopedic department has provided medical image data (DICOM) and the template for hip joint implants used in this research. This research is funded by grant university OUP-xxx-xxx.
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..., Vol. 16 2008 (pages 56 - 68) ISSN 1473-2262 the importance of loading frequency, rate and vibration for enhancing bone adaptation and implant osteointegration a. Torcasio, g.h. Van lenthe, and h. Van Oosterwyck* division of biomechanics and engineering design, k.u. Leuven, leuven, Belgium
Due to such safety concerns, the manufacturers are facing device recalls for the device such as DePuy Synthes, Stryker, Smith &Nephew, Biomet and Zimmer [2]. As the knee surgery is most common now a day i.e. around 7 million of Americans are living with the surgery. Moreover, the regulatory issues with the devices are leading to the serious issues to the public health with the implantable device. Considering the regulatory aspects, the knee joint prostheses were the post-amendments device classified into class III under section 513(f)(2) of the act. After the petition submitted by Orthopedic Surgical Manufacturers Association (OSMA), the Panel recommended that this device can be reclassified from class III to class II at the public meeting
Osteoporosis, which means “porous bone, ” is a disease of weak and brittle bones.(nof 1) Osteoporosis makes bone mineral density loss. In a result, the possibility of fracture is increased because the bone is fragile. The size or volume of the bone is same, however, the mass of bone runs low on. This condition is the sympt...
The modern total hip replacement was invented in 1962 by Sir John Charnley. Sir Charnley was an orthopedic surgeon who worked for a small hospital in England. The total hip replacement is considered by many to be the most important operation developed in the 20th century, solely based on the fact that it helps to relieve human suffering. Total hip replacement was first performed in the United States around 1969. Since then there have been more then a hundred of thousands of replacements performed in the United States. One of the first surgeons to perform this surgery was Charles O. Bechtol. In 1969, while he was a professor at UCLA, Bechtol started a total hip replacement program. The artificial hip joint is considered a prosthesis. There are two major types of artificial hip joints, cemented prosthesis and uncemented prosthesis. The type of prosthesis that will be used on the individual patient is decided by the surgeon depending on the patient's age, lifestyle and the experience that the surgeon has with a particular one.
Hip implants have been around for quite some time. In 1891, Themistocles Gluck invented an implantable hip replacement. It was composed of a ball-and-socket joint fashioned of ivory and affixed with nickel-plated screws. More recently, Sir John Charnley, a British orthopaedic surgeon, established the modern hip replacement operation. He developed the procedure stated above, where the head of the femur is removed and a metal implant is cemented in the bone. Along with this, a metal acetabular cup was placed in the hip socket. He originally used polytetrafluoroethylene as the material between the joints to replace the synovial fluid. The material wore down and caused problems for the patients, as it was reactive in the body. Eventually, the procedure for a hip replacement consisted of a metal femoral stem and a high molecular weight polyethylene for use between the femoral head and the acetabulum of the pelvis. The cement used at the time was the same acrylic bone cement that was in use in dentistry at the time. He placed antibiotic into the cement, but this did not improve the infection rate. He also created a ventilation system to help prevent the spread of infection during the actual surgery itself. In addition to developing this new technique, he also refined the actual structure of the femoral stem implant
Dubey, R.B., et al. “The Current CAD and PACS Technologies in Medical Imaging.” International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 4.8 (2009): 1439-1456. Academic Search Complete. Web. 20 Feb. 2011.
A computerized Axial tomography scan is medical equipment used to image different regions of a human body as well as other animals with internal health problems. A CAT scan uses the idea of conventional X- ray imaging to a higher standard. Instead of just taking pictures of the different body part of interest, the CAT scan takes multiple pictures of the body at many different angles and creates a three dimensional structure of the body. This three dimensional structures show’s a complete body components starting with the bone, tissues, muscles and even vessels at organ level. This can help doctors examine each slide of skin at a time so that way they can pinpoint specific problem to specific regions and find the right solutions to various problem they encounter.
The hip joint is a ball and socket synovial type joint between the head of the femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis. The hip joint joins the lower limb to the pelvic girdle. In relation to overhead squat, the hip joint is designed to be a stable weight bearing joint. The hip joint also consists of an articulation between the head of femur and the acetabulum of the pelvis.
With the development of modern technologies, people enjoy their lives with higher level of quality. This results in the extension of average humane life time and the rapid changes of age structure of the population in the world. There are increasing demands for replacing the failed tissues on aged people. For example, if injury occurs on knees, the ability to flex the knee will be restricted due to pain. Deterioration of the knee joint would make it difficult to perform everyday activities. Even when you lie and sit, it still feels painful. Knee replacement surgery is a common solution to relief for the pains. These rapid increasing demands of implant demonstrate the new generation of implant materials with better mechanical properties and higher biological performance for the expectation of longer life.
Functions that can be accomplished during preprocessing include: persistence, which reduces noise and smooths the image by frame averaging; panoramic imaging, where the transducer’s normal field of view is expanded beyond normal limits; and spatial compounding, the averaging of many frames that view the anatomy from different angles. Persistence and spacial compounding help to reduce image noise. “In certain cases… the noise can restrain information which is valuable for the general practitioner” (Sudha, Suresh, Sukanesh, 2009). Figure 3 shows the remarkable improvement to image quality with spacial compounding. The processed scan line signals move on to the scan converter where they are converted into image form. The image plane is divided into pixels representing anatomical locations. In digital memory, the pixels are assigned a number representing a shade of gray that corresponds to the echo strength in that area. When the line data is in the appropriate format, it is available for display, storage, and cineloop review (Miele,
Hip fractures pose a significant public health problem among today’s elderly population. With the number of elderly citizens (ages 65 and older) continuing to increase, it is likely that the number of hip fractures will increase as well. Each year more than 300,000 elderly people are hospitalized for hip fractures ("Hip Fractures Among Older Adults," n.d.). Studies show that 15% to 25% of hip fracture patients die within one year, and about 9 out of 10 hip fractures occur in individuals over 60 years of age and are usually the result of a fall (Schoen, 2008). Hip fractures can diminish the quality of life and independence, impaired mobility, as well as pose an increased risk for diminished health and possible mortality, subsequent fractures,
There are numerous factors which can affect dimensions of subsequent casts on repetitive pouring. These include the process of polymerization (7), temperature (1), and material used to fabricate the replica or working cast (1). Although, PVS impression materials have demonstrated superior dimensional stability when compared with other elastomeric materials due to no releasing any by-products (8), it had been reported that the dimensional accuracy of a material is time dependent. A material may be highly dimensionally accurate soon after its initial polymerization but less accurate after the storage for a period of time (9). On the other hand, PVS impression materials have chosen as the impression material in many clinical situations because they possess excellent physical properties and handling characteristics
Images of human anatomy have been around for more than 500 years now. From the sketches created by Leonardo da Vinci, to the modern day Computed Tomography (CT) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scan, images have played a great role in medicine. Evolution in medical imaging brought together people from various disciplines such as Biology, Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, a collaboration which has further contributed to healthcare as a whole. Modern day imaging improves medical workflows by facilitating a non-invasive insight into human body, accurate and timely diagnostics, and persistence of an analysis.
• Generating data to create dental or surgical prosthetics, tissue engineered body parts, or for surgical planning.