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Embryological development of tooth
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In mammals teeth develop as distinct organs. Some organs such as hair and certain glands share similarities with tooth organogenesis in their morphological and molecular features of development, but not their regenerative abilities. Dentition, by definition, refers to characteristics of a set of teeth including type, arrangement, shape, and number. During their evolutionary course, mammals have developed a reduced ability for tooth regeneration, but on the other hand mammalian teeth have developed many variations in size and shape. Mammalian dentition can be divided into four tooth types; incisor, canine, pre-molar (bicuspid), and molar teeth. Molar teeth specifically are the most diversely shaped teeth of the four types.
Although teeth can develop from either endoderm or mesoderm, in mammals neural crest and ectodermal tissues produce ectodermal appendages, which later grow as teeth (Smith, 2003; Soukup et al., 2008). Cell-cell signaling and cell differentiation between the ectoderm and mesenchyme cells regulate tooth morphogenesis. Many paracrine signal molecules that we know are involved, and mediate communication during tooth development. Most of these signals are from the Hedgehog (Hh), Ectodysplasin (Eda), transforming growth factor ß (TGFß), Wnt, Bone morphogenic protein (Bmp) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) conserved signaling groups (Jernvall and Thesleff, 2000). These conserved signaling families also play significant roles in regulating many other aspects of embryonic development. They not only regulate communication between germ layers, but also within each germ layer. The variation in mammalian dentition relies on these cell signals to regulate differentiation, thus they are present from start to finish of too...
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Even after reprogramming the cells for tooth development, the techniques used in this process will have to take into account the natural environment of the cells. Based on the current understanding of tooth development that we have seen above, it is clear that the techniques used in tooth bioengineering will be of significantly higher complexity than that of reprogramming pancreatic cells, and this would have to be done inside the oral cavity.
A clear understanding of the mechanisms involved in normal tooth development is required to develop methods of programming tooth regeneration in humans. The stem cells in mammalian teeth might not be a good source for bioengineering due to their limited supply and problematic collection methods. Non-dental stem cells such as iPSCs is thus far shown to be one of the most promising tooth bioengineering avenues to explore.
The cells unique nature has scientists intrigued to do research with the focus of finding a way that these cells can be used to replace patients’ injured or diseased tissues. Advancement is made to all the three types of stem cells namely embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells in addition to induced pluripotent cells. Embryonic cells are the building blocks of an embryo that is developing, and can develop into almost all body cell types. Somatic cells are found in the body tissues. They renew and regenerate in healthy bodies. The third type which is induced pluripotent is genetically modified embryo cells from skin cells.2 Research on these cells are geared towards saving humanity; a noble course.
There have been many films in the horror genre that have inspired fear nature for example Jaws and The Birds. The film Jaw directed Steven Spielberg inspected people to fear sharks as written by Tim Donnelly published in New York Post, ¨The taut tension of the film, aided by Spielberg’s economical use of the actual shark on screen combined with John Williams’ iconic, haunting score, plucks fear strings so effectively, it even transfers completely off-screen”. (Why ‘Jaws’ terrifies even phobia experts). This is the truth since many people were scared of going into the water after the film came out. Furthermore, the film was saw by many people since it made $ 260,000,000 on it opening weekend. This film song is still used to this
The article Poor Teeth was written by Sarah Smarsh with the goal in mind being to shed light on the issue between upper and lower class society in a particularly concrete way. Teeth and dental health are an easy thing for people to imagine in their head because everyone has a set whether they’re white and shiny or black and rotted. This makes it easy to draw a comparison between people that care for their teeth and those who don’t. However, access to dental knowledge and services which the lower class often times doesn’t have is very different between the poor and the rich. While the rich stroll through life showing off their perfect glossy white rows of teeth, there are less privileged people out there with barren mouths whose weak pale gums
This report does a fairly comprehensive job on educating the public to the definition of stem cells, describing them as “a diverse group of remarkable multipotent cells that are relatively undifferentiated and unspecialized cells of the body.” Stem cells have the capacity for unlimited self-renewal and the possibility to produce differentiated descendant cell types. The main in...
The importance of embryonic stem cells rests in their lack of specialization. These basic cells are present in the earliest stages of developing embryos and are able to develop into virtually any type of cell and tissue in the body. Being self-renewing, they offer a potentially limitless source of cells and tissue. (Tucker)
After the treatment and procedure is complete, patients leave with healthier, more beautiful teeth, giving them the confidence to ask someone out on a date or the confidence to smile on an important job interview. Dentistry is and has been for centuries, an important aspect of people’s ...
“Stem Cells: The Future of Medicine.” Medschool.umaryland.edu. University of Maryland School of Medicine Web 14 Nov 2013
“What are the potential uses of human stem cells and the obstacles that must be overcome before these potential uses will be realized?” . InStem Cell Information. Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2009.
All primates have essentially the same kinds of specialized mammalian teeth adapted to eating a wide variety of foods. Beginning at the front, each quadrant of the mouth has 2 incisors, 1 canine, and varying numbers of premolars and molars. The incisors are used like scissors for nipping off pieces of food. The pointed canines are for piercing and tearing. The premolars and molars, with their cusps, are used to grind and smash food. In platyrrhine species, there are 3 premolars and 2 or 3 molars. This results in a dental formula of 2.1.3.2 or 2.1.3.3. In contrast, all of the catarrhines have 2 premolars and 3 molars, making a dental formula of 2.1.2.3. The chimpanzee shown below is an Old World anthropoid species and, therefore, has a catarrhine dental formula.
A traumatic swimming incident during my childhood left me visiting many dental chairs where I suffered from an irrational fear of dentists. Every visit started with my fears but ended with my gratitude to these dentists, who had performed complex operations seamlessly. These experiences stemmed an interest in dental biology exploring topics such as root canal treatments; here I realised that a dental career would allow me to both explore human biology further but also actively improve our society’s welfare.
The Skin of Our Teeth by Thornton Wilder illustrates a family dodging one catastrophe after another. By the skin of their teeth, they will defeat ice, flood, and war. The main characters of this play are George and Maggie Antrobus, their two children, Henry and Gladys, and Sabina, who appears as the family's maid in the first and third acts, as well as a beauty queen seductress in the second act. The Skin of Our Teeth takes place at the Antrobus home in Excelsior, New Jersey; and the Atlantic City boardwalk.
Irregular bones – these include vertebrae, sacrum and mandible . The mainly consist of cancellous bone and a thin outer layer of compact bone.
In order to discover the ways for the remedy of diseases, studies in therapeutic approaches have been doing widely and kept increasing at accelerated pace. A lot of research areas had emerged for that purpose including one of the most fascinating and highly active areas at present, stem cells therapies. Due to self-renewal property and differentiation capability of stem cell, it becomes a new hope in modern treatment.
The Human Teeth are the most long lasting features of a human and all mammals in general. Humans are diphyodont,meaning that they develop two sets of teeth . Humans usually have 20 deciduous teeth,and 32 permanent adult teeth.
The field of regenerative medicine encompasses numerous strategies, including the use of materials and de novo generated cells, as well as various combinations thereof, to take the place of missing tissue, effectively replacing it both structurally and functionally, or to contribute to tissue healing[29]