1. Discuss the pathophysiology of Diabetes Mellitus.
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic condition in which the body has the inability to produce
insulin or react normally to insulin. The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus is extremely
complex, as diabetes mellitus is characterized by different types but share common
symptoms and complications. Diabetes mellitus is classified in two types: Type 1 and
type 2 diabetes. Although the disease is "characterized by different etiologies" (Cohen,
2009, pg. 268), the outcome for both types is hyperglycemia. The pathophysicology of
Diabetes mellitus is related to the hormone insulin, which is secreted by the beta cells of
the pancreas. Insulin's job is maintaining glucose level in the blood, allowing the body
cells to use glucose as the main source of energy. However, for a diabetic, the insulin is
not metabolized correctly, leading the body cells and tissues to not make use of glucose
from the blood. And, as a result, causing high levels of blood glucose, or hyperglycemia.
Severe complications can occur from elevated glucose level in the bloodstream such as
eye disorders, kidney damage, or cardiovascular disease.
2.Compare and Contrast the possible causes of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes.
As stated earlier, Diabetes Mellitus is classified in 2 toes. Type 1 and Type 2
diabetes. Type 1 diabetes, also known as juvenile or insulin dependent Diabetes Mellitus
(IDDM) is a chronic condition in which the body's immune system destroys beta cells in
the pancreas. Beta cells is responsible for the normal production of insulin. But when beta
cells are being attacked, no insulin is being produced, causing the glucose to remain
in ...
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(Rosdahl, 2007, pg.). With planning of meals should come exercise. The patient should
maintain regular exercise for it improves insulin and reduces blood glucose levels. With
this in mind, one must always monitor ones glucose levels to prevent a hyperglycemic
or hypoglycemic reaction.
Works Cited
Cohen, Barbera. 2009. Memmler's: The Human Body in Health and Disease. Philidelphia: Wolter Klukwer.
Diabetes Mellitus. (2008, July 22). MedicineNet.com- We Bring Doctor’s Knowledge to You. Date Retrieved: May 19, 2011. from http://www.medicinenet.com/diabetes_mellitus/article.htm.
Roach, Sally. 2008. Roach's Introductory: Clinical Pharmacology. Philadelphia.: Wolter Klukwer.
Taylor, Carol; Miller, Carol; Ramone, Persela; Lynne, Pamela. 2008. Basic Fundementals of Nurising: Lipincott Williams & Wilkins. Philidelphia.: Wolter Klukwer.
Our body obtains the energy by digesting the carbohydrates into glucose. Volumes of glucose are required by the body to create ATP. ATP is short for 'Adenosine Triphosphate ' and is an energy carrier. When we consume too many carbohydrates our body produces a lot of glucose and as a result blood glucose levels rise and sometimes they may rise over the normal range of blood glucose concentration. To bring it back within the healthy range, the homeostatic system of blood glucose regulation is used. The blood flows through the pancreas where the beta cells, receptors, detect the high blood glucose level. To counteract this stimuli beta cells alert the control centre, which are also the beta cells located in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. The secretion of insulin has to be done quickly but can only be carried out when insulin gene is switched on. Turning on the insulin gene switch can take 30 minutes to an hour therefore, the production of insulin by beta cells are done in advance and are packaged in vesicles right until blood glucose rises. Glucose comes into the beta cell to trigger the vesicle that contains the insulin to move towards the plasma membrane and fuse. This releases the insulin into the bloodstream where they are distributed throughout the body and only affect specific target cells. The receptor, a protein, on the target cell’s plasma membrane recognises and connects
Diabetes mellitus also known simply as diabetes refers to a group of metabolic diseases which affect the body’s homeostatic mechanism used for maintaining and regulating the body’s blood sugar levels. Diabetes is a chronic condition which, in 2013 was estimated to be affecting 382 million people worldwide.[1] People suffering from diabetes are required to constantly be vigilant of their blood sugar levels to ensure it does not go below or above optimum levels. Depending on the type of diabetes and glucose level range, they may need to inject themselves with insulin or eat high sugar foods to restabilise their body. Failure to do so can lead to other long term health effects.[2]
Insulin is a hormone that is produced by specialized cells on the surface of the pancreas called pancreatic islets or Islets of Langerhans. It causes changes to occur in the plasma membrane of the cell that cause the cell to pull in glucose from the blood stream. The hormonal counterpart of insulin is glycogon, which serves to promote the rele...
Insulin is a key player in the control of intermediary metabolism. It has profound effects
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease of the endocrine system primarily differentiated between type 1 and type 2. Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas is unable to produce insulin and was previously seen in the younger generation which is no longer the case.1 Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent of the two types and involves elevated blood sugar levels due to the insufficient production of insulin. Risk factors that make an individual higher risk for type 2 diabetes include increasing age, obesity, family history, a sedentary lifestyle.1,2 Innovative drug therapies for type 2 diabetes remain important for the treatment and reduction of the disease.
Diabetes is a disease in which a person’s body in unable to make or utilize insulin properly which affects blood sugar levels. Insulin is a hormone that is produced in the pancreas, which helps to regulate glucose (sugar) levels, break down carbohydrates and fats, and is essential to produce the body’s energy. The CDC (2013) offers reliable insight, summarized here, into the different types of diabetes, some causes, and health complications that may arise from the disease.
Is a multisystem disease related to abnormal insulin production, impaired insulin utilization, or both. Diabetes Mellitus is a serious health problem throughout the world. It is the 5th leading cause of death in the U.S. It is the leading cause of heart disease, stroke, adult blindness, and nontraumatic lower limb amputations.
When the blood glucose is higher than the normal levels, this is known as diabetes disease. The body turns the food we eat into glucose or sugar and use it for energy. The insulin is a hormone created by the pancreas to help the glucose get into the cells. The sugar builds up in the blood because either the body doesn’t make enough insulin or can’t well use its own insulin (CDC, 2015). In the United States diabetes is known as the seventh leading cause of death. There are different types of diabetes. However, there are two main types of diabetes and these are; Diabetes type 1 and Diabetes type 2 (CDC, 2015).
Our body needs energy to carry out its functions properly. This energy is synthesized from the food we eat. Our body breaks down the food we take in and then build up the required materials for a healthy functioning of our body. Glucose, a simple sugar or monosaccharide that is the end product of carbohydrate digestion, is a primary source of energy for living things. (Taber’s, 2005). Glucose gets absorbed from our intestines and distributed by the bloodstream to all of the cells in our body. If the supply of glucose is more than required, our body stores the excess amount of glucose as glycogen, a chain of glucose. If there is shortage in other hand, our body uses the stored...
Insulin is a main component in the regulation of the body’s metabolism. Insulin is regulated by digestion processes. At the beginning of digestion, carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and other sugar molecules. Glucose is then directly absorbed into the bloodstream which causes blood glucose levels to peak. At the same time, the pancreas releases insulin to allow the glucose to be absorbed into cells either to be used as energy or stored. Once levels are balanced, the pancreas reduces production of insulin. In a patient with Type II diabetes, insulin may be produced and able to attach to receptor cells but glucose is unable to move into the cell to be used. As the disease progresses, the pancreas is unable to produce sufficient insulin to overcome the resistance. This causes the beta cells to become damaged which results in permanent hyperglycemia (Diabetes- Type 2).
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by inadequate insulin secretion by the pancreas or cellular destruction leading to an insulin deficiency. Depending on the cause of the insulin shortage, diabetes can be subcategorized into type I and type II. Type I diabetes (T1DM) is usually mediated by the destruction of b-cells in the pancreas resulting in decreased insulin production and secretion. Type II diabetes (T2DM) is the failure of these b-cells to secrete adequate amounts of insulin to compensate for insulin resistance and increased gluconeogenesis combined with an overall resistance to the insulin action (8., 1997). T2DM accounts for 90 to 95 percent of all diabetes cases.
“Diabetes mellitus (sometimes called "sugar diabetes") is a condition that occurs when the body can't use glucose (a type of sugar) normally. Glucose is the main source of energy for the body's cells. The levels of glucose in the blood are controlled by a hormone called insulin, which is made by the pancreas. Insulin helps glucose enter the cells” (Diabetes Mellitus).
Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic disorders which is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insulin deficiency or resistance or both reasons. (1) According to that diabetes mellitus can be divided as type I and type II. This is common and its incidence is rising, 171 million people had diabetes in 2000 it is expected this condition to be doubled in 2030. It is spread in all the countries and therefore has become a major burden upon healthcare facilities. (2)
Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy in food. This means that a person has too much glucose in the blood. There are three major types of diabetes, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestational diabetes. All types of diabetes mellitus have something in common. Normally, your body breaks down the sugars and carbohydrates you eat into a special sugar called glucose. Glucose fuels the cells in your body. But the cells need insulin, a hormone, in your bloodstream in order to take in the glucose and use it for energy. Insulin is produced in the pancrea...
Blood glucose levels are the measurement of glucose in an individual’s blood. This is important because glucose is the body’s main source of fuel and the brains only source of fuel. Without energy from glucose the cells would die. Glucose homeostasis is primarily controlled in the liver, muscle, and fat where it stored as glycogen. The pancreas is also a significant organ that deals with glucose. The pancreas helps regulate blood glucose levels. Alpha-islet and beta-islet pancreatic cells measure blood glucose levels and they also regulate hormone release. Alpha cells produce glucagon and beta cells produce insulin. The body releases insulin in response to elevated blood glucose levels to allow the glucose inside of cells and