Children development refers to the changes in physiology, mentality, and emotions in children from birth (or during pregnancy) to adolescence. Children are dependent on family’s support during this time period. It is not until the beginning of adolescence that children start to develop autonomy which is the process of forming their own identity and making their own decisions. Parents have a big impact on children’s physical and mental development during this time period. They are the most available resource. They provide necessary material resources for children’s survival such as food, water, and housing. They account for most of their children’s socializations especially from birth to adolescence. They influence children’s mental development by passing down religious preferences, beliefs, and social status. They also can create special environments to foster children’s talents such as piano lessons, sport practices, academic challenges, etc. For instance, children from poor family have less access to cognitively stimulating environments which is shown in the data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth and the National Household Education Survey (Corwyn & Bradley, 2000). This means children from poor family will develop cognitively at a slower rate than children from normal or rich family where they are provided with many stimulating opportunities. Besides all the good impact parents have on their children, depending on the the parenting style, parents may establish behavioral problems such as internalizing problems (anxiety, depression) and externalizing problems (aggression and antisocial behavior) in their children. There are a lot of empirical supports from longitudinal studies which shows that there is a connection b...
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...ing, denying privileges, yelling, and spanking: Ethnic differences and associations with child externalizing behavior. Parenting, 12(1), 42-56.
Murray, J., Farrington, D. P., & Sekol, I. (2012). Children's antisocial behavior, mental health, drug use, and educational performance after parental incarceration: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological bulletin, 138(2), 175.
Odgers, C. L., Caspi, A., Russell, M. A., Sampson, R. J., Arsenault, L., & Moffitt, T. E. (2012). Supportive parenting mediates widening neighborhood socioeconomic disparities in children’s antisocial behavior from ages 5 to 12. Development and psychopathology, 24(3), 705.
Osofsky, J. D. (1999). The impact of violence on children. The future of children, 33-49.
Rutter, M., Giller, H., & Hagell, A. (1998). Antisocial behavior by young people: A major new review. Cambridge University Press.
Moffitt, Terrie E. 1993. “Adolescence-Limited and Life-Course-Persistent Antisocial Behavior: A Developmental Taxonomy.” Psychological Review 100:674–701.
There is a need for replication of studies to test how strongly parental imprisonment, and adverse child outcomes are associated. The studies should be conducted using prospective longitudinal designs, with representative samples , control group, and reliable and valid measures of key constructs. Child outcomes such as gang membership, physical illness, and mortality may be researched more using that format. Also, there is a great need for better research on certain mechanisms that links parental imprisonment and child outcomes. Some qualitative research many possible pathways but still lack systematic test of these mechanism. Longitudinal research should be used to measure child adjustment and hypothesized before, during, and after parental
Easterling and Johnson. (2012). Understanding Unique Effects of Parental Incarceration on Children: Challenges, Progress, and Recommendations. Journal of Marriage and Family, 342-356.
Parke, Ross D. "Effects of Parental Incarceration on Young Children." From Prison to Home: The Effect of Incarceration and Reentry on Children, Families, and Communities. University of California, Riverside, Dec. 2001. Web. 12 Mar. 2014.
Parents and their parenting style play an important role in the development of their child. In fact, many child experts suggest that parenting style can affect a child’s social, cognitive, and psychological development which influence not just their childhood years, but it will also extend throughout their adult life. This is because a child’s development takes place through a number of stimuli, interaction, and exchanges that surround him or her. And since parents are generally a fixed presence in a child’s life, they will likely have a significant part on the child’s positive or negative development (Gur 25).
...d do not get to see their parents until bedtime. In other cases, the child is left at home to look after and care for their younger siblings. As a result, they neglect school and their own childhood. The amount of hatred and distrust that must build up in that child is immeasurable. It is apparent that the “home-alone America” trend will create a breading ground for conduct disorder. Moreover, society is heading towards creating a generation who “may have little empathy and little concern for the feelings, wishes and well-being of others” (American Psychiatric Association, 2000). A child’s attachment to, respect for, and healthy fear of their parents is essential to the child’s’ mental health throughout development. It is time that we take responsibility for our own children and ourselves because if we don’t, what will these children teach the next generation?
In the past, there have been many studies done on the effects of parental incarceration on child wellbeing. However, there has been much less study of the effects of maternal incarceration. Recent studies done on the wellbeing of children with incarcerated mothers have produced varying and conflicting results. Inconsistent results make it very difficult to generalize findings and to carry out effective interventions.
Welsh, Wayne N. "United States." Teen Violence: A Global View. Eds. Allan M. Hoffman and Randal W. Summers. Westport, CT: Greenwood P, 2001.
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Robinson, Lori S, and Jimmie Briggs “Kids and Violence” Emerge November. 1993:44+ Seifert, Kathryn. A.
Antisocial personality disorder appears to be associated also with low socioeconomic strata and urban settings.
The psychological aspect will include a look at behavioral problems in children, depression, chronic stress, and conduct disorders such as ADHD. Poverty is known to decrease the amount of psychological and physical capabilities in children which can have long term adverse effects on their wellbeing. I) SES and Psychological Health in children In the developing stages of a child, psychological factors play a huge role in th... ... middle of paper ... ...
Conventional practice has long associated early preventive measures with positive delinquency reduction results. In particular, timely recognition of at-risk youth and correction of ineffective or minimally effective parenting techniques are critical to the prevention of future delinquency (Lundman, 1993). Numerous risk factors have been identified as indicators or predictors of juvenile delinquency and those factors represent dysfunction at several levels, specifically within the structure of the offender’s family. Some of these factors include conflict within the family, a lack of adequate supervision and/or rules, a distinct lack of parent-child attachment, instability, poor home life quality, parental expectations, out-of-home placements and inconsistent discipline (Shumaker, 1997). Social service professionals who frequently come into contact with children must be especially vigilant in order to detect the presence of any of the possibly contributory conditions mentioned above and to refer families to appropriate sources of assistance as early as possible.
This “circle” may include family and friends. Over the years, the constituents of a typical household have evolved. Extended families are increasing and the probabilities of a child growing up with one or no parent are more likely to happen now than they did years ago. Studies have found that families with both parents involved in a child’s life are less likely to have delinquent juveniles than families with one or no parent as long as the parents displayed healthy communication and lifestyles among themselves and their children. Furthermore, extended families seem to have a healthier lifestyle than that of nuclear families. The main point focuses on the idea that the happier and healthier a family is, the less likely the children will grow to commit offenses. Bad parenting falls under this idea. Parents who abuse, neglect, and communicate poorly with their children will more likely raise a child who will be involved in criminal acts. Household abuse also tends to work in a cycle. If a child is abused then he or she will more likely be at risk of abusing his or her future children. Studies also show that parents who are involved in criminal offenses are more likely to have juvenile delinquents because children learn from their parents. Thus, abuse and delinquent behavior correspond with each other. Additionally, if the child has a delinquent sibling, that also
Johnson, Elizabeth I., and Jane Waldfogel. "Parental Incarceration: Recent Trends and Implications for Child Welfare." The Social Service Review Vol. 76.No. 3 (September 2002): 460-79. JSTOR. Web. 15 Mar. 2011.