A new spectrophotometric method based on the oxidation reaction between iodide and iodate in the presence of carboxylic acid form of losartan potassium (LP) has been developed for the estimation of LP in pharmaceutical products. HPLC/MS method, kinetic studies and central composite design method was used for formation reactions, equilibration and determination of stability duration and experimental conditions, respectively. Developed spectrophotometric method was validated. The equilibration period was calculated as 10 minutes. 0.05 M KI and 0.003 M KIO3 and amount was calculated as 1.953 mL (0.0195 M) and 1.961 mL (0.00117 M), respectively; and temperature was measured as 32.3 °C. It was revealed that the method was linear between 4-30 μg/mL with correlation coefficient of 0.9996. LOD and LOQ parameters were calculated as 0.61 and 1.85 μg/mL,respectively. Pharmaceutical preparations were analyzed by the developed kinetic spectrophotometric method. The obtained results ranged between 94.9 % and 100.9 %.
Keywords: losartan potassium, central composite design, spectrophotometric method
Hypertension, an important and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, is best managed by maintaining blood pressure above 140/90 mmHg[1].Including angiotensin II receptors, many of the receptor antagonists are the block receptors which control the blood pressure[2].The new member of antihypertensive agents called as angiotensin II receptor antagonist are not exhibit any significant side effects[3].Losartan potassium (LP) is the first an angiotensin II receptor antagonist and chemically is used as an antihypertensive agentthat specifically blocks the angiotensin II type 1 receptor[4].Simple and rapid analytical methods must be developed ...
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...d reported in the literature[26]. LP was also one of the sartan group drugs including mentioned functional group. But the oxidation reaction between IO3 and LP has not been investigated yet. Thus, the aim of this work was to develop, optimize and validate a specific, accurate, precise and sensitive a new spectrophotometric method based on the oxidation reaction between iodide and iodate in the presence of carboxylic acid form of LP yielding a yellow-colored product (λmax=286 nm) to determine LP in pharmaceutical tablets. The optimization of the reaction conditions was performed by applying a response surface methodology based on the central composite design which can save the time and effort by the estimation of the optimum conditions. In addition, the kinetic study of reaction was executed for avoid theinterference of colored and/or turbidity background of samples.
Then, an amount of KI (solid) about a size that would fit on a match head was dissolved in 0.05 of Potassium Iodate solution and about 1 mL of water and 1 mL of 1 M HCl were added, which exhibited a weak positive test for IO_3^- (aq). After the weak positive test, an amount of KI (solid) about a size that would fit on a match head was dissolved in about 1 mL of water and 1 mL of 1 M HCl, which exhibited a negative
Ace Inhibitors are used to treat hypertension and congestive heart failure (CHF). Most of the drugs that are Ace Inhibitors have the common ending –pril. It inhibits an enzyme; that decreases the tension of blood vessels and the blood volume, thus lowering blood pressure. Lotensin (benzapril) comes in tablets and is used for oral administration. It is one of the ace inhibitors that are indicated for treating hypertension. There is warning while using Lotensin when pregnant, it indicates to stop using immediately when pregnancy is detected. Vasotec (enalpril) comes in tablets and injection. It is indicated for the treatment of hypertension and is effective alone or in combination with other Ace Inhibitors agents, especially thiazide-type diuretics. There is a warning for fetal toxicity; when pregnancy is detected; stop using.
The primary goal of this laboratory project was to identify an unknown compound and determine its chemical and physical properties. First the appearance, odor, solubility, and conductivity of the compound were observed and measured so that they could be compared to those of known compounds. Then the cation present in the compound was identified using the flame test. The identity of the anion present in the compound was deduced through a series of chemical tests (Cooper, 2009).
The technique used to narrow down the identity of unknown white compound were solubility test, pH test, flame test, and ion test. The first technique used to narrowed the properties of unknown white compound was using solubility test. To conduct solubility test, 0.25 gram of unknown white compound was dissolved in 100 mL of water. After carefully observing the change while string unknown white compound in water, the unknown white compound was soluble because it dissolved in water completely. Using bursen burner, matches and deionized water, flame test was conducted for unknown compound and it burned lilac color. Then compared the color of unknown white compound to other compound that were narrowed. The results of flame test for compounds that were narrowed down is shown in the following table. The pH test was conducted using litmus paper. 0.50 gram of unknown white compound was measured and dissolved in 10 mL of water in beaker. After dissolving, placed the litmus paper in solution and recorded the pH value of unknown compound which was neutral. Then compared the pH value of unknown white compound to compound that were narrow down. The pH result of the KCL, KNO3, NaCl, and K2SO4 is presented in the following table. The ion test was also conducted in order to make sure that the identity of unknown white compound was matched with the compound that were narrow down. After conducting the test, the result of unknown white compound which formed precipitate compared to KCl, KNO3,NaCl, and K2SO4. The results shown in the following
Every 5 minutes, a small amount of mixture was dissolved in acetone (0.5 mL) and was spotted onto a thin layer chromatography (TLC) plate, which contained an eluent mixture of ethyl acetate (2 mL) and hexanes (8 mL). The bezaldehyde disappearance was monitored under an ultraviolet (UV) light. Water (10 mL) was added after the reaction was complete, and vacuum filtrated with a Buchner funnel. Cold ethanol (5 mL) was added drop-by-drop to the dried solid and stirred at room temperature for about 10 minutes. Then, the solution was removed from the stirrer and place in an ice bath until recrystallization. The recrystallized product was dried under vacuum filtration and the 0.057 g (0.22 mmol, 43%) product was analyzed via FTIR and 1H NMR
Craig, D. Q. (2002). Pharmaceutical Applications of Micro-Thermal Analysis. Journal of Pharmaceutical Science, 91(5), 1201-1213.
Since, the expected weight was 50.63 mg the percent yield is 59.3%. A TLC was conducted on this final product and a faint spot of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone still appeared in lane 3 of the plate; meaning the reaction did not fully go to completion. The Rf values were 0.444, 0.156, and 0.111, where the lowest value is the trans isomer and the highest value is the ketone. This affected the IR spectrum conducted by having a carbonyl group peak at 1715 cm-1 which should not be present if all the product was 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. However, the IR spectrum still showed peaks at 3292 cm-1 (hydroxyl group), 2939 cm-1 (sp2 carbon bonded to hydrogen) and 2859 cm-1 (sp3 carbon bonded to hydrogen) which support the presence of the alcohol. The accepted melting point of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol is in the range of 62 – 70˙C (Lab Manual). The two melting point measurements using the Mel-Temp® machine gave ranges of 57 – 61˙C and 58 – 62˙C, which is not exact due to some 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone being present that has a low melting point of around 47 – 50˙C
... potassium level is higher than 4.5 mmol/liters. If further diuretic therapy is not tolerated, contraindicated or ineffective, considering an alpha- or beta-blocker might be prudent. If blood pressure remains uncontrolled with optimal or maximum tolerated doses of four drugs, seeking an expert advice would be the next and last step (Williams, 2013).
The causes of hypertension are unknown. However; hypertension can be classified into two categories primary and secondary. Primary (essential) hypertension is increas...
After the IR was obtained, analyzed and compared to reference spectrums, and the boiling point was compared to the boiling points in the chart, it was concluded that the unknown product from the reaction was 2-methyl-2-heptanol. The boiling point of 2-methyl-2-heptanol is 162°C, which is between the range of the boiling point obtained
" Journal of Clinical Hypertension 13.5 (2011): 351-56. EBSOHost.com - a. Web. The Web.
Ally most likely has used ACE inhibitors and Beta blockers in the past and will be using them again.. The ACE inhibitors are vasodilators with the capability to widen the blood vessels allowing the blood pressure to lower down while improving the blood flow and decreasing the workload of the heart (WEbMD, 2017). Lisinopril is anangiotensin converting enzyme. This drug is used to treat high blood pressure, heart failure, helps to preent kidney failure --due to high blood pressure and diabetes. It is also used to prevent further damage and scarring of the muscles (Medicine Net, 2017). Another Ace inhibitor is Benazepril. It is used with hydrochlothiazide, at times, to treat high blood pressure. It can also be used to treat heart failure. Beta blockers are medications that lower your blood pressure.Beta blockerd work by blocking the effects of the hormone epinephrine. Two types of Beta blockers are Metoprolol relaxes blood vessels and slows down the heart rate and Nebivolol, which response to nerve impulses in certain parts of the body,like the heart (Mayo Clinic Staff). This helps to lower heart beats and decrease the blood pressure (Mayo Clinic Staff,
In conclusion Gas Chromatography has many uses to separate and analyse compounds and to be able find separate components in a mixture to identify any unknown components. Because of it's simplicity and effectiveness it is one of the most important tools to chemistry. Like most analytical techniques it has its advantages such as not being harmful to the sample be used and disadvantages such as not being particularly use with liquids that change temperate easily.
Analysis of Aspirin Tablets Aim --- To discover the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in a sample of aspirin tablets. ----------------------------------------------------------------- In order to do this, the amount of moles that react with the sodium hydroxide must be known. This is achieved by using the method of back titration.
The inorganic analysis is the most applicable qualitative analysis for it applies to non-carbon chemistry which includes metals, metalloids, hydrogen ions etc… Thus it is used the majority of the time. The techniques are not limited to instrumental methods such as organic qualitative analysis. It uses both, instrumental and/or manual methods. In certain cases it is necessary to only identify certain elements, ions or compounds of the sample, for which special...