Aim of this study was to develop the TLC and HPTLC finger print profiles for various secondary metabolites of methanolic stem extracts of the traditional medicinal climber, Solena amplexicaulis. These studies were carried out as per the methods of Harborne and Wagner et al. The profiles of various individual secondary metabolites were made and developed for authentication. The methanolic stem extract showed the presence of 5 alkaloids, 6 flavonoids, 2 glycosides, 10 saponins and 7 terpenoids. Owing to the presence of rich variety of secondary metabolites, the stem extract of S. amplexicaulis is expected to have therapeutic properties. In addition, by isolating and identifying these bioactive compounds new drugs can be formulated to treat various diseases.
Keywords: Solena amplexicaulis, TLC profile, HPTLC profile, bioactive compounds.
The current scenario exhibits the demand for plant drugs throughout the world because of its safety and efficacy [1]. Now a day’s folkloric medicine is being reevaluated by extensive research on different plant species and their therapeutic principles. The chromatographic and spectral fingerprint analysis play an important role in the quality control of complex herbal medicines[2]. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) is the preliminary step to identify the phytochemical compounds present in the sample. The advancement of TLC, High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography (HPTLC) can provide electronic image of chromatographic finger print and densitogram to detect the presence of marker compound in the plant sample. Both the methods are more efficient, faster and the results are reliable and reproducible[3].
Solena amplexicaulis, commonly called a creeping cucumber, belongs to the family Cucurbitacea...
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...eas, 3727.1AU and 1782.0AU were observed at the Rf of 0.64 and 0.57 respectively. Suitable solvent system determined was n-hexane:ethylacetate (7.2:2.9). More than 40,000 individual terpenoids are known to exist in nature with new compounds being discovered every year[24]. A large number of terpenoids exhibit cytotoxicity against a variety of tumor cells and cancer preventive as well as anticancer efficacy in preclinical animal models[25,26].
Based on the results in the study, we conclude that the methanolic extract of stem part of S. amplexicaulis has considerable amount of secondary metabolites which might act as pharmacotherapeutic agent in future. It will help the manufacturer for quality control and standardization of herbal formulations and act as biochemical markers for this medicinally important plant in the pharma industry and plant systematic studies.
The goal of this two week lab was to examine the stereochemistry of the oxidation-reduction interconversion of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol and 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone. The purpose of first week was to explore the oxidation of an alcohol to a ketone and see how the reduction of the ketone will affect the stereoselectivity. The purpose of first week is to oxidize the alcohol, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol, to ketone just so that it can be reduced back into the alcohol to see how OH will react. The purpose of second week was to reduce 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol from first week and determine the effect of the product's diastereoselectivity by performing reduction procedures using sodium borohydride The chemicals for this lab are sodium hypochlorite, 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone
In a separate beaker, acetone (0.587 mL, 8 mmol) and benzaldehyde (1.63 mL, 16 mmol) were charged with a stir bar and stirred on a magnetic stirrer. The beaker mixture was slowly added to the Erlenmeyer flask and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Every 10 minutes, a small amount of the reaction mixture was spotted on a TLC plate, with an eluent mixture of ethyl acetate (2 mL) and hexanes (8 mL), to monitor the decrease in benzaldehyde via a UV light. When the reaction was complete, it was chilled in an ice bath until the product precipitated, which was then vacuum filtrated. The filter cake was washed with ice-cold 95% ethanol (2 x 10 mL) and 4% acetic acid in 95% ethanol (10 mL). The solid was fluffed and vacuum filtrated for about 15 minutes. The 0.688 g (2.9 mmol, 36.8%, 111.3-112.8 °C) product was analyzed via FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopies, and the melting point was obtained via
Since, the expected weight was 50.63 mg the percent yield is 59.3%. A TLC was conducted on this final product and a faint spot of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone still appeared in lane 3 of the plate; meaning the reaction did not fully go to completion. The Rf values were 0.444, 0.156, and 0.111, where the lowest value is the trans isomer and the highest value is the ketone. This affected the IR spectrum conducted by having a carbonyl group peak at 1715 cm-1 which should not be present if all the product was 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol. However, the IR spectrum still showed peaks at 3292 cm-1 (hydroxyl group), 2939 cm-1 (sp2 carbon bonded to hydrogen) and 2859 cm-1 (sp3 carbon bonded to hydrogen) which support the presence of the alcohol. The accepted melting point of 4-tert-butylcyclohexanol is in the range of 62 – 70˙C (Lab Manual). The two melting point measurements using the Mel-Temp® machine gave ranges of 57 – 61˙C and 58 – 62˙C, which is not exact due to some 4-tert-butylcyclohexanone being present that has a low melting point of around 47 – 50˙C
The crude extract obtained by solvent extraction was subjected to various qualitative tests to detect the presence of common chemical constituents as:
One of the major aspects of biodiversity is its assessment, which is nominated by its resources. Much concentration in drug plants was evinced during the early period of civilization. The use of plants for remedial purpose various human ailments and has prominently figured in ancient manuscripts such as ‘The Rigvedas’,‘The Bible’, ‘The Iliad’, ‘The Odyssey’, ‘The Sushrutsamhita’ and ‘The History of Herodotus’. The ancient Chinese were by means of drug plants more than six centuries ago. They were the pioneers in using plants as a valuable source of medicine.
Question: Everyone in Canada should be fingerprinted and photographed to make law enforcement easier. Please provide an argument for and an argument against.
Biometrics is described as the use of human physical features to verify identity and has been in use since the beginning of recorded history. Only recently, biometrics has been used in today’s high-tech society for the prevention of identity theft. In this paper, we will be understanding biometrics, exploring the history of biometrics, examples of today’s current technology and where biometrics are expected to go in the future.
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
The effectiveness of any plant is not due to the action of any one chemical as modern science would have you believe. When plants are synthesized in a lab, they are analyzed to find their most potent and active components. The rest of the plant is left behind. What science is forgetting is that each leaf, stem, flower and root work in their own unique way to deliver what is need to the body.
Crime investigators have the job to solve crime and find the suspect responsible. Sometimes the offense is very difficult to solve, but with the right pieces of evidence and tools, the investigation can be answered a little more easily. The use of fingerprints is a main tool used at crime scenes. Investigators find these at the actual crime scene and analyze them at the lab to determine whom the prints belong to. Each person has an individual print which is why this is a very useful piece of evidence. Sir Francis Galton found that the prints could be categorized into different types as well as different groups. The research of fingerprints from decades before has shaped the way detectives identify suspects and victims.
25 April 2014. Muller, F. Toxicological Sciences. 2014. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard'. 24 April 2014. National Cancer Institute.
Traditional herbal medicine comes from many different areas of the world (Indian, Chinese, African, Western, Native American herbs, Ayurvedic and other indigenous medicines) and in most all of them they are still b...
Alexiades, Dr. Miguel. Book Review: A Field Guide to Medicinal and Useful Plants of the
J. Clayden, N. Greeves, S. Warren, P. Wothers. Organic Chemistry. 8th ed. 2007, Oxford University Press, p. 1186-1191.
Frequently a person believes that herbal medicine is more naturally safe and soothing than drugs. Nevertheless, there’s no reasonable defense about this. Though many consumers trusted herbal medicine much more than the synthetic medicine because it’s safe and effective, but like anything else, it has its own limitations too. There are several hostile issues related to herbal medicine that has been quite alarming. Notwithstanding, majority of the most popular herbs are at least nearly safe.