Lung cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide both in men and women. It accounts for nearly 1.2 million deaths per year. Over the last few years many advances have been made in the field of surgery, chemotherapy and radiations for treating this deadly cancer but they are unlikely to result in cure. Lung cancer is associated with very bad prognosis. So there is a dire need of developing novel therapeutic vaccines for improving prognosis of this disease Cancer therapeutic vaccines are designed to regulate the host tumour interactions in order to shift the balance from tumour acceptance to tumour control. Therapeutic vaccine target tumour associated antigen including cancer testis antigens. KK-LC-1, antigenic peptide is used in a Multipeptide Vaccine to target Non-small cell lung carcinoma. KK-LC-1 is designated as Kita-kyushu lung cancer antigen 1. This antigen has been recently recognized and was found to be present in approximately 40 per cent of people suffering from lung adenocarcinoma. KK-LC-1 belongs to a family of Cancer testis antigens which are expressed in many cancerous tissues but are silent in normal tissue except testis. This antigen is specifically expressed in large proportion of lung cancer tissues and not in normal tissues except testis so it should be a potential target for immunotherapy. Use of KK-LC-1 antigenic peptide in peptide vaccine can prove to be useful in treating non-small cell lung carcinoma which accounts for 85% of lung cancers. Peptide vaccines specifically target single epitope. They are safe, non-toxic and easy to formulate. Apart from this peptide possess good tumour- penetrating ability and are biocompatible. Antigenic peptides are determined by using bioinformatics tools BLAST and syfpei... ... middle of paper ... ...al of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 1-10. 4. Foon, KA et al. (2008). Cancer Vaccines: Activating the Immune System to Fight Cancer. Oncology issues. 5. Winter, H et al. (2011). Active-specific immunotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 3 (2). 6. Thundimadathil, J. (2012). Cancer Treatment Using Peptides: Current Therapies and Future Prospects. Journal of Amino Acids. 2012, 1-13. 7. http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/immunology/Students/spring2000/wilson/interleukin12.html 8. http://www.rcsed.ac.uk/RCSEDBackIssues/journal/vol46_3/4630007.htm 9. http://www4.mpbio.com/ecom/docs/proddata.nsf/5f64ffd4f38c2fda8525645d00769d68/53d2a75653615bab852568cb00572ff3 10. http://www.mabtech.com/Main/Page.asp?PageId=16 11. http://dora.eeap.cwru.edu/vbv/cytokine-elispot-assays.html 12. http://www.invivogen.com/docs/Insight_200806.pdf Word count-1595
Although, it is easy to believe that all cells in a tumor are neoplastic, evidence suggests otherwise. There are three characteristics that are present in all KS cells whether they are neoplastic or not. The first is absence of a histologically distinguishable neoplastic cell. The second is the lack of usual chromosomal abnormalities. The last is a combination of three features angiogenesis, inflammation, and proliferation.
A vaccine, once injected into your child's body, with cause a type of immune cell called lymphocytes to react and produce anti bodies to fight the disease the particular vaccine was designed for. This works by injecting weakened or dead antigens of the particular diseases which then prepares the body for the full strength pathogen. This also causes the lymphocytes to remember the particular antigen that the particular pathogen possess. This works as the antigens and antibodies stick together like a key and lock and the pathogen become traps then engulfed and destroyed by a white blood cell. Not only will the vaccination protect your child, but also the people around
First off I am going to begin with the basics; what is a vaccine? Well a vaccine is a product that produces immunity from a disease it can be administered through needle injections, by mouth, or by aerosol. (Basics, n.d.) Sounds simple right well that leads people to wonder how do they work? They help develop immunity by acting as the infection, it is only acting as the infection so
First, vaccines are the best way for a person to be virus free. One of the biggest issues with viruses is their adaptability and capability of eluding our immune system. Some viruses, like HIV, target the immune system, severely compromising this system’s functionality. In addition,
There are many people that do not understand why immunizations and vaccinations are used. Everyone is born with a immune system (“Why”) , and for many reasons, some immune systems may be compromised . Every immune system is made up with cells, organs, glands and fluids. Immune systems see germs as “invaders”and produces proteins that help fight them (“Why”). Being vaccinated helps make that process faster and more effective .
Vaccines have been around for hundreds of years starting in 1796 when Edward Jenner created the first smallpox vaccine. Jenner, an English country doctor noticed cowpox, which were blisters forming on the female cow utters. Jenner then took fluid from the cow blister and scratched it into an eight-year-old boy. A single blister came up were the boy had been scratched but it quickly recovered. After this experiment, Jenner injected the boy with smallpox matter. No disease arose, the vaccine was a success. Doctors all around Europe soon began to proceed in Jenner’s method. Seven different vaccines came from the single experimental smallpox vaccine. Now the questions were on the horizon. Should everyone be getting vaccinations? Where’s the safety limit? How can they be improved? These questions needed answers, and with a couple hundred years later with all the technology, we would have them(ncbi.nlm.nih.gov).
Our immune system protects our bodies from pathogens like bacteria and viruses very efficiently in most cases. One big question that has come up is why does the immune system not respond to cancerous cells in the same way? Why are cancer cells not eradicated like other dangerous foreign cells? This seems very strange, especially since the immune system has cells that are specific to destroying cancer cells and virus-infected cells, called natural killer cells. To begin to answer this question it is useful to examine cancer cells and their interactions with the immune system in more detail.
Vaccines are made to mimic infections. For example, the influenza vaccine mimics the virus, but is a weakened form of it, making it difficult for the virus to reproduce or cause any serious damage. When the vaccine enters the body, T cells and B cells from the immune system begin to attack it and defend the rest of the body from the weakened virus. Not only are the T and B cells able to rid the body of the virus, some of the cells become memory cells. The memory cells then “teach” other cells how to fight of the virus. Because of this, when the body becomes infected with the real virus, the cells will know exactly how to protect the body from the virus (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services,
The leading cause of death in America is lung cancer. Lung cancer is ranked top 10 fatal cancers in the United States. There are many types of ways to get lung cancer. There is radon gas it occurs outdoors naturally. Then there is second hand smoke that comes from other people smoking. People are even getting lung cancer from cancer causing agents, this happens from carcinogens. You can also get it from air pollution indoors and outdoors. Also there are gene-mutations that form cancer causing cells. Then there is the one everyone blamed lung cancer is smoking.
Preventing serious infections by making a person immune to the infection is called immunization. This process is usually performed by the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the person’s immune system to protect them against a subsequent infection or disease. According to the World Health Organization (2016), more than 5 million deaths were prevented annually between 2010 and 2015 due to vaccinations that were used around the world. Vaccines work with the natural ability of the human immune system to develop immunity to fight disease. When a foreign infectious pathogen such as bacteria or a virus enters the body, it multiplies and becomes an infection and in many cases, this infection leads to an illness. To understand how vaccines
Lechner F, Jegerlehner A, Tissot AC, et al. Virus-like particles as a modular system for novel vaccines. Intervirology 2002; 45: 212-7.
Cancer is defined as where the abnormal cells are divided without any control and they are able to invade into tissues. At times cancer can be cured right away once it is detected through treatments that the doctor recommends, but at times cancer cannot be cured based on what stage the cancer is at. It is very important that every individual gets a physical check up to see if they are diagnosed or detected with any sort of cancer or disease. There are 100 types of cancers out there, but the type of cancer that I will be focusing on is Lung cancer. One of the controversial issues on a lung cancer is the ...
National Cancer Institute. 2 December 2013. April 2014. WHO. World Health Organization.
Today eighty percent of infants are being vaccinated for diphtheria; pertussis (whooping cough), polio, measles, tetanus and tuberculosis (Landrige 2000). This percentage is up from about five percent in the mid-1970s; however, the death toll from these infections is roughly three million annually. Millions still die from infectious diseases for which immunizations are non-existent, unreliable, or too costly. Vaccines all function with the same idea in mind, priming the immune system to swiftly destroy specific disease-causing agents, or pathogens, before the agents can multiply enough to cause symptoms (Landrige 2000). Classically, this priming has been achieved by presenting the immune system with whole viruses or bacteria that have been killed or made too weak to proliferate much (Landrige 2000).
Vaccines are also manufactured by using biotechnology in which consist of three main ways, it aids scientists to separate pure antigen using specific monoclonal antibody, aids in synthesis of an antigen with the help of a cloned gene and lastly it also aids in the synthesis of peptides to be used as vaccines (Alam 2014). A vaccine can protect you from specific diseases that can make you very sick or even kill you.