3.3 Design cognition and Safety
3.3.1 Overview
Design and cognition contributes to the improvement of safety, by reducing the risk of human error. This is using developments from education and technological systems across all industries which all would have involved extensive input from the human mind. Based on a selection of papers, this section will focus on an analysis of cognition tools and identify the importance role that cognition has to safety within the highway and Air Traffic Management (ATM) sectors.
3.3.2 Analysis of design media, modelling and interfaces
An essential part of design cognition is the accurate graphical representation of the ideas from the human mind and how the mind processes information. This allows these ideas to be developed and modelled electronically into a 2D or 3D format i.e. Autocad or Building Information Modelling. This is only helping to improve both safety and delivery of the design and construction process and has required significant research and investigation facilitate and develop this use of computer modelling.
Delivery of effective visualisations for a target audience using cognitive design principles in algorithms was explored, with the aim of reducing the need for collaborations between graphic designers and product designs (Tversky et al 2006). This work was based on the production of maps based on how a selection of students made mental representation of visualisations to the nearest fast food takeaway restaurant by writing down directions or drawing a map demonstrating the way.
Figure x – Two examples of different map sketches (Tversky et al 2006)
From the analysis it was determined that the layout of a map must be accurate as users consider directions to be provided in a s...
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...n high level of safety practices and increase automation in ATM.
3.5 Summary
Based on the studies and research undertaken within highways and ATM it has identified that cognition is a key component in safety. The way that the human mind operates is important when designing systems which are responsible for automation and removing some of the cognitive load and tasks from the human mind on to these systems. It is evident from research by within Tversky et al (2006), Oxman (2000) and Kim and Maher (2008) that using modelling systems to create graphical representations can reduce design work and associated time. However when this idea is replicated into an operations environment such as ATM, there are limitations and complexities based on the existing systems and the capacity of the human mind to manage the external representations identified by Fields et al (1998).
Lawson, Bryan. How Designers Think: The Design Process Demystified. 4th ed. Oxford: Architectural Press, 2006.
Since the industrial revolution, the field of engineering has allowed society to flourish through the development of technological advances at an exponential rate. Similar to other professionals, engineers are tasked with making ethical decisions, especially during the production and distribution processes of new inventions. One field that has encountered ethical dilemmas since its inception is the automotive industry. Today, the dawn of the autonomous, self-driving, vehicle is upon us. In this new-age mode of transportation, humans will be less responsible for decisions made on the road. With the wide adoption of autonomous vehicles, there exist a possibility to reduce traffic-related accidents. Even though computers have the ability
Ken Jennings was a map nerd from a young age himself, you will not be surprised to learn, even sleeping with an old creased atlas at the side of his pillow, most kids his age were cuddling with a trusted blanket- Jennings was not. As he travels the world meeting people of kindred spirits--map librarians, publishers, geocachers, and the engineers behind google maps. Now that technology and geographic unknowing is increasingly insulting us from the space and land around us, we are going to be needing these people more than ever. Mapheads are the ones who always know exactly where they are and...
Ever since the invention of the automobile, numerous efforts have been employed to try and improve its safety features. Judging by the current statistics, one could argue that driving has so far turned out to be a risky business. In actual fact, people of all ages and social status are considered to be in control of lethal weapons whenever they have to drive. According to the National Safety Council, it is estimated that more than 41,000 people lose their lives in road accidents annually and no less than 2 million more suffer from serious life threatening injuries (2009). Furthermore, it is estimated that at least 50% of the people killed in road accidents is as a result of their failure to adhere to safety measures such as wearing seatbelts while driving, driving under the influence, or careless driving (Ingalls, “Defensive Driving Strategies”). As an effect, huge losses occur with respect to life, injuries sustained, and damage to property.
Hume's day we now have a lot more knowledge so we don't know if we
When starting construction on a new building, there are plenty of things that can and will go wrong. You will start to lay out the plumbing and find that it clashes with a wall or beam that cannot be moved. To finish your project, you must take more time and more money to adjust to the new layout. Another scenario is the owners won’t let you start construction because they can’t see the end result or where the specific design implements that had asked for are located. For the past few decades the architecture, engineering and construction (AEC) industry has been looking for a solution to this problem. Projects would be set back due to design oversights. Without anything to predict these problems before they happen, these little setbacks were a common occurrence. Once building information modeling (BIM) was born, it was like their prayers had been answered. The future was here.
After completion of this step the architects use the surveying drawing to develop a working drawing for the building. In these drawing you will see triangles, rectangles, squares, arches and other geometry shapes and forms to create their design. The architects through our history have used these shapes to create famous structures all over the world. If you go back to Roman historical sites you will see such examples like the great Coliseum. A great example can be seen is the famous Egyptian pyramid. Some other famous structures are the Eiffel Tower which is in Italy, and Chrysler building in New York. If you look around your neighborhood houses, you will see these shapes.
Oxman, R. (1997). Design by re-representation: a model of visual reasoning in design. Design studies, 18, 329-347.
Sinclair, S.A., & Stalling, E.C. (1990). Perceptual Mapping: A Tool for Industrial Marketing: A Case Study. Journal of Business and Industrial Marketing. 5(1). pp. 55 – 65.
These technologies have made driving an easier and enjoyable experience, as well as reducing our chances of getting into accidents. The research presented in the following article “Driven to Distraction [in car technology]” provided surprising conclusions. Professor John D. Lee from the University of Iowa states the following issue: “Technology is changing very quickly. Many of these things coming into the car were not designed to be used in it. ”(Edwards 8).
Heads-Up Displays (HUD) are now used in many aircrafts so as to display information on the screen without needing the driver to cause distraction or to move their attention from the road. It was in the 1950’s that the Royal Aircraft Establishment in Farnborough started the Development of Heads-Up Displays for military flights. (Quarrington, 1966)
‘You cannot hold a design in your hand. It is not a thing. It is a process. A system. A way of thinking.’ Bob Gill, Graphic Design as a Second Language.
Kirby, G.R. & Goodpaster, J.R. (2007) Creative Thinking. Fourth Edition Thinking. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Road safety is one of the most important aspects of daily living. Our vehicle is our main transportation from one place to another. The number of car and motorcycle accidents seem to be increasing because of the many distractions, the lack of safety measures and judgment to road conditions and weather. Not being cautious increases the chances of not only injuring ourselves but hurting others as well. On the road, you see people talking on their cell phones or texting, eating, putting makeup on, changing the radio station, reading or using your GPS while driving. These are all distractions that endanger drivers, passengers and bystanders safety. Safe driving involves off-road precautionary measures such as making sure tires are properly inflated, testing windshield wipers, getting regular oil changes and tune-ups and adjusting the mirrors. All of these actions can help prevent an accident. Unfortunately, not all of us decide to wear our seat belts when driving or turn signal ligh...
Normally, three-dimensional geometric models, which are used to present architectural and engineering works, show only their final form, not allowing the observation of their physical evolution. The use of techniques of virtual reality in the development of these educational applications brings new perspectives to the teaching of subjects in the area of civil engineering (A.Z Sampaio & P.G Henriques, 2006).