1. Demography is a discipline in Ecology that deals with population measures such as, age, size and overall structure are critical to demographic work. Demography is used to help understand a populations growth pattern, although not all individuals are the same age and size or have the same survival and birth rates. Demography allows for greater depth and detail of a populations structure to be characterized and analyzed.
2. There are two methods for collection demographic data, static and dynamic. The static method of collection, also known as time specific, looks at existing populations and classifies age classes from samples of individuals living a population (inventories). This method also includes looking for evidence of dead organisms
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Survivorship is the number or proportion of individuals from the newborn class surviving to the timeframe of interest. Survivor rate is the number or proportion of individuals surviving from year to year. Survivor rates are a “one time” step change, meaning time is measured in increments.
4. Fecundity is the number of offspring produced per reproductive event (per gestation/clutch/pollination). Fecundity provides information about the birth rate of an organism. Many factors can influence the fecundity of a species including: age, resources available, parental investment, r and k species.
5. There are many methods for aging an individual including: size, instars/stages of development, carbon dating, teeth, and birth/death
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Wherein, mortality is roughly the same for both males and females from the mid-fiftes into the early nineties. However, disparities of mortality rates in particular age classes does differ between males and females. Most notably males are more likely to die in their twenties and then again in their fifties than females are. Yet, females are more likely than males to die in their early teens and forties; however, they are more likely to outlive men from the ninnies and upwards (approximately 110). The behaviors and physiological differences between males and females is likely to influence the risk of dying at a particular age and can be explained by biological and social factors. For example, men in their twenties are more likely to be active in the military and exposed to war/potentially life threatening situations. Whereas, a variety of medical conditions are likely to become problematic at certain age classes. For example, men are likely to be diagnosed with chronic diseases at age 50. Early childhood death for females could be due to increased exposure to infectious diseases or unintentional injuries. Whereas, the death of females in their late forties could be due to
The chapter on fecundity addresses the bizarre ways that nature has evolved to ensure the continuity of a species. As the title suggests, fecundity deals with the fertility of species where Annie Dillard explores the inefficiency of fertility and the brutality of nature’s evolution. In the end, Dillard concludes that death is a part of life.
According to Oyetunji, Ong’uti, Bolorunduro, Gonzalez, Cornwell, & Haider (2011), females of 65+ years are 47% less likely to die from injury in hospital than males, however they are 79.6% more likely to suffer from injury. As females have a longer life expectancy than males, it is understandable why this occurs.... ... middle of paper ... ...
- Healthy life expectance at birth: Males: 63.5 years - Females: 65.7 years, this is an improvement
I found that there are varying ages of death in each date category, but for the most part, the ages increased considerably from century to century. This, to me, would be a sign of the technology progression that we have experienced and the modern medical discoveries to aid in the healing processes of some previously fatal diseases.
Some risk factors cannot be changed such as age, race, and gender. A person 's risk increases as they get older. Approximately 1 out of 8 women are at risk of developing breast cancer are younger than 55. Approximately 2 out of 3 women are at risk of developing breast cancer who are older than 55 (American Cancer Society, 2014). To decrease this rate, women need more timely follow ups and access to high quality treatments (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). Men can develop breast cancer, but this disease is more common among women than men. (American Cancer Society, 2015).
Heart attacks and heart disease is no longer considered a disease that affects just men. Women are at risk for these diseases too. In fact, heart disease is the leading cause of death among women. American women are more likely to die from heart disease than from breast cancer. It w3as said by the Texas Heart Institute that this disease kills more women over 65 than all cancers combined.
Aging occurs in every species. Over time a change occurs on a cellular level in a person’s body, which causes degenerative effects on the brain, muscles, organs, bones, hormones, and DNA. In 1991, the book Evolutionary Biology of Aging, offered the following definition of aging: a persistent decline in the age-specific fitness components of an organism due to internal physiological deterioration.1 Aging affects the body physically and mentally. Many people dread getting older due to the numerous changes the body goes through. The geriatric population experiences many pains and is inflicted with various diseases. There are a few who are lucky enough to not get diagnosed with a life altering disease, such as Alzheimer’s, type II diabetes, high blood pressure, macular degeneration, or some form of cancer. Studies have shown that genetics play a vital role in the aging process.
During late adulthood, which begins around 65, many changes will take place. Death, sickness, and aging are some of the things you go through. Everyone is affected at some point. Individuals deal with these changes differently. Gerontology is the science that deals with the aging process. Vision can show impairment as people age. One of the changes in vision is the loss of accommodation of the lens. Most people 65 and older have hardened eye lens and have lost elasticity if the lens. Cataracts can form and vision becomes cloudy and is significantly impaired. Glaucoma is a serious condition that causes pressure to increase within the eye and it can result in blindness. Often hearing decreases with age. The hair cells in the Corti (inner ear) can cause a decrease in hearing frequencies. The ossicles and eardrum have a decrease in the transmittance of mechanical sound waves. Due to aging many elderly people have hearing impairment. Loss of appetite from connective tissue cells replacing taste buds. Skin can become thin, dry, and inelastic as it ages and the skin can fold and wrinkle from sagging.
Overpopulation is the idea or belief that the population of the earth is growing and cannot grow much more without more food being grown or made. Overpopulation would help control growth by having only one baby born or no children at all. This would help limit the population and allow the world to grow and the population does not get out of hand.
SÍTAR, M.E., YANAR, K., AYDIN, S. and ÇAKATAY, U., CURRENT ASPECTS OF AGEING THEORIES AND CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO MECHANISMS. .
Ages 1 to 4 the main sources of death are injuries, cancer, congenital anomalies and manslaughter. Ages 15 to 34 leading reasons are injury, cancer, congenital anomalies, homicide, suicide, heart disease, HIV, and stroke. Ages 35 to 44 leading reasons for death are cancer, heart disease, suicide, and unintentional injury. Ages 45 to 54 leading reasons for death are cancer, heart disease, unintentional injury, and liver disease. Ages 55 and more leading reasons for death are heart disease, cancer, and stroke. How do these change across age groups? When all is said and done, as grown-ups become more established, their wellbeing status breaks down, and they require more health services administrations. After the age 65 chronic diseases multiply, and these outcomes cause a surge in health care expense for those
Sadly, the majority of these deaths were by people under the age of 50, in a country where the average age expectancy for men is 79 and women 84. At the time of publication, 70 deaths had occurred and the news went unannounced by the media.
Population growth may be defined as the increase in the number of individuals in a population. In general a population will tend to increase in number when the available resources are greater than that required by the members of the population present at that particular time. As long as resources are available, every population has the tendency to grow exponentially.
Human growth population has major pros and cons to the world we live in. Population growth is the increase in the number of people who inhabit a territory or state with the equation of (B-D)+(I-E) where (B) is births, (D) is deaths, (I) is immigration rate, and (E) is emigration rate. Population growth has a biological an environmental effect on our planet Earth. While on the other hand population growth can affect the economy in a good way.
Age is but a number. A number that classifies, organizes, and can even define someone. It holds opportunities to learn new things and determines when the path into adulthood begins. The linear notion created by steadily increasing numbers is a very narrow outlook on age. It assumes that as someone grows in age, they are changing both mentally and physically. This, however, is far from the truth. Age is beyond the numbers; it is what lies within. When numbers are disregarded and the qualities attributed to each phase of life is examined, a sequence of repetition can be observed. Instead of growing old, it can be seen as regressing to adolescence. The two outliers of life, infancy and elderly, are far more similar than any numerical value could ever project.