Abstract
Bacterium identified as Xanthomonase compestris MTCC 10,108 was isolated from dye disposal site of textile and dyeing industry of Ludhiana, India. The isolate was able to decolorize azo dyes ( Congo Red) and aim of this study to optimize culture conditions like growth medium, inoculum concentrations, static and shaking, pH, effect of dye consortia, and analysis of degradative capability of immobilized bacterial cell. Amongst growth media Nitrogen sufficient media supplemented with cong red (100mg/lt) inoculated with isolated bacterial culture. The optimal degradation occurred under partial anaerobic condition at pH 6 and temperature 30oC with 10 percent inoculum. Under these conditions decolorization was reported 87 percent after 7 days of incubation. Besides, this bacterial culture was capable to degrade dye consortia (Amido black, Reactive Blue 4, Reactive Red 20, Remazol Brilliant Violet 5R, Congo red) of concentration 80mg/lt. bacterial cells were immobilized by entrapment in synthetic polymeric matrix resulted rate of percent decolorization upto 95 percent.
Key Words: Azo dyes, Biodegradation, Congo Red, Isolation, Optimization, Screening.
Introduction
The numbers of studies on the decolorization of dye stuffs have been steadily increasing in recent years [9]. Textile industries are greatest producers of liquid effluent pollutants. Discharge of these colored effluents into rivers and lakes result into reduced dissolved oxygen concentration, thus creating anaerobic conditions that are lethal to resident organisms [12]. The effluents from these industries have untreated dyes, acids, bases, detergents, etc. Azo dyes are extensively used in textile, leather, food, plastic industries etc. [4]...
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...en out of 4 only one best strain were selected for further study.
In this piece of work, optimum conditions of Congo red decolorization such as growth medium, static and shaking conditions, pH, temperature, concentrations of dyes, percent inoculum. It also involves consortia system consisting of mixture of dyes used as a parameter to investigate versatility of dye decolorization by the bacterial system. This study, led to the conclusion that the bacterial strain was showing decolorization of dye consortia. It was found under optimized conditions 87.2 percent of color removal was successfully achieved.
Acknowledgements
We thank the Department of Biotechnology, S.B.S Research Institute of Natural and Biomedical Sciences , Dehradun , India, for their practical, theoretical, and linguistic help during the final completion of the manuscript
Works Cited
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Modern biotechnology was born at the hands of American scientists Herb Boyer and Stain Cohen, when they developed “recombinant deoxyribonucleotide, (rDNA), [1] for medicinal purposes. Subsequently, biotechnologists started genetically engineering agricultural plants using this technology. A single gene responsible for a certain trait, from one organism (usually a bacterium) is selected altered and then ‘spliced” into the DNA of a plant to create an agricultural crop consisting of that...
Red, orange and yellow colors can be taken from Monascus sp. By providing the conditions accordingly. These pigments can be used to in coloration of beer, meat, cheese, fish and meat along with their application in giving color to printer ink, drugs, cosmetics and fabric dyeing. Beside their antimicrobial, antioxidant activity they are effective against cholesterol. By adjusting mode of fermentation and factors for growth (pH, temperature, oxygen
In this experiment, the chromatography of skittles and Crayola markers will be used to determine how the dyes that are used in the markers and candy of the same color compare to each other. By finding the chromatography of these substances, we will be able to determine whether the dyes used in these materials are the same or if they differ. We will also be able to determine if the dyes used in Crayola markers are safe to digest. My hypothesis is that the dyes used in Crayola markers and skittles of the same color will differ, but the dyes used in Crayola markers are not toxic. To better support this hypothesis, the process of chromatography and the toxicity of various dyes will need to be explained.
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These synthetic dyes are preferred more than any other dye by companies for the intensity of brightness of color and the uniformity it gives the food unlike some natural dyes would give. These dyes are derived from other food like grapes, potent fruit, spices like saffron, paprika and vegetables like carrots, beets and algae. Of course the natual dyes can also cause a discussion if they are safe or not. In 1998 some natural food dyes were made out of female beetles to replace unnatural red dye. (stevens, Beil)
According to CSPI, Central For Science In The Public Interest, and several other resources these dyes have been linked to Cancer, Hyperactivity, and Allergic Reactions in humans. “Tests on lab animals of Blue 1, Blue 2, Green 3, Red 40, Yellow 5, and Yellow 6 showed signs of causing cancer or suffered from serious flaws, said the consumer group. Yellow 5 also caused mutations, an indication of possible carcinogenicity, in six of 11 tests.” These artificial colors were tested on lab animals and provided evidence that certain types of dyes when consumed by humans could produce harmful affects such as mutations or
About 10,000 diverse species of pigments and dyes are used in industries, which show that an annual use of almost 7×105 tonnes in world. Dyes are intractable and toxic materials, they oppose biological breakdown (Souza et al., 2007).
In this situation we were able to observe the production of pink/ gold melanin; however it is the amount of polyphenol-oxidase found in each cell and time that reflects the production and color change of melanin. The production and color change of melanin would guide us to determine the rate of the enzymatic activity. The higher amount of melanin being produce will result darker colors, which will lead to higher absorbance, which shows faster enzymatic rate. In addition, polyphenol-oxidase acts as an oxidase that can catalyze the oxidation by binding with molecular oxygen to form OH group. (Samisch 1935) When polyphenol-oxidase is exposed to oxygen, it will immediately catalyze the oxygen to speed up reactions with substrate to produce melanin. In this procedure we also assumed that the substrate in our solution is in excess. Since there is an excess substrate concentration, all the active sites of the enzyme will become occupied with substrate, resulting for the enzyme to become saturated with substrate and the velocity of the chemical reaction has reach its maximal rate, also known as
usage of chlorine in water treatment was first applied back in 1990’s. Chlorine has been mostly used in water treatment than any other application because it is very active and it destroys a wide range of harmful bacteria and viruses in the water. Disinfection of drinking water is one of the most important and successful accomplishment for public health because it has done a major reduction of diseases that are caused by drinking unsafe water, such as typhoid, cholera and other waterborne diseases. Even after thirty years of its existence chlorine is still one of the biggest application used when cleaning water for health benefits around the world. The formation
This experiment demonstrated the ability of agarose gel electrophoresis to separate the mixture of dyes into their individual components by the application of a combination of dyes to the same sample well. The experiment effectively demonstrated that the dyes where different in structure, energy, and composition. Most of the dyes where negatively charged at neutral pHs and only one with positive charge. The positive charge one moved an opposite direction compared to the other dyes.
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The material must be treated for color and dyed before it's ready to ship. The first step in dyeing the fabric is to run it through a machine called a Mercerizer. The Mercerizer contains a chemical solution, including caustic soda (also called lye), which is kept at moderately low temperatures. The mercerization process increases the size of the pores on the fabric threads, making it easier for them to accept color during the dyeing process. Without mercerization, bright, bold fabrics would not be
Pharmaceutical waste seems to be one of the dominant elements that are prevalent in our waters, and other aspects of the environment. These aforementioned elements are largely becoming a concern in today’s society because its effects have proven to be harmful towards our environment, and all of its existing forms of life. Through various ways, whether controllable or uncontrollable, pharmaceutical waste slowly and increasingly multiplies its presence within the environment. Additionally, it eventually trickles down into our waterways and causes a large array of damages. Some of the most common ways that this waste gets into the water includes: disposal through the drainage systems, farming fertilization methods and the maintenance of treatment plants. These methods are self-explanatory through their brief discussions, but it helps decipher whether the disposal of these dangerous wastes are intentional or not.
...e industries, textile industries are considered as one of the major sources of wastewater in ASEAN countries. Dyes are also used in industries such as rubber, paper & pulp, dye & dye intermediate industries, pharmaceutical, tannery, food technology, hair coloring, plastic, cosmetic etc. There are more than 10,000 commercially available dyes with over 7x105 tones of dyestuff being produced annually across the world2.. The textile industry consumes more than 107 kg of dye per year of which 90% ending up on fabrics3. Of this total usage 10- 15% of the dye is lost during the dyeing process and released with the effluent. Colour is contributed by phenolic compounds such as tannins, lignins (2-3%) and organic colourants (3-4%) and with a maximum contributions from dye and dye intermediates which could be sulphur/ mordant/ reactive/ cationic/ dispersed/acid/azo vat dye4.