The US Department Of Defenses Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA)

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Cyber threats have evolved and grown in nature, and complexity, in recent decades; and the intensity increases with each passing day. With advances in technology growing by leaps and bounds, cyber laws become even more important due to ethical and Biblical principles, and the very real threat to mankind.
History
The Internet’s beginnings stemmed from the US Department of Defenses Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). ARPNET, developed by ARPA in 1969, was the first stable link between multiple computers. This occurred ten years after the first conceptual network architectural models which were initiated by Paul Baran and Donald Davies (History, 2014, p. 1, para 3). During the 1960’s and 1970’s ARPA was a primary source of funding for …show more content…

Both include behavior, by act or omission, which involves a breaking of the law, and committing a negative act against an individual. Cybercrime can be categorized in two ways: crime against a computer or crime towards a computer. When the computer is the target, perpetrators use technology and skills to shut down, or gain control of, another computer system. This type of crime can wreak havoc on national security, and some have suggested that it be classified as an act of war (Hathaway, Crootof, Levitz, Nix, Nowlan, Perdue, & Spiegel, 2012). Not only governments, but individuals also have become victims of cybercrimes. Social networks are a popular way to interact with others. Websites such as Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and chat rooms give people the freedom to share information, keep in touch with relatives. The sharing of this type of information has led to such crimes as stalking, robbery, and child pornography to name a …show more content…

According to Levin, 50 to 60 percent of all security breaches are due to human and system error. “Unencrypted laptops and smartphones that are lost or stolen pose a large threat, as do data backups brought home by an employee for off-site storage. Lost or weak passwords continue to be an issue as well” (2014). As is the case of most things, prevention is preferable to cure. Users should adhere to 5Ps for online security: Precaution, Prevention, Protection, Preservation and Perseverance. To prevent stalking, avoid disclosing any personal identifying information. Avoid sending photographs to prevent misuse of them. Subscribe to and keep current the latest Internet security and virus protection software to prevent attacks. Always keep backups to prevent loss of information in the event of a system failure or virus attack. Ensure a site is secure before entering credit card information. Monitor children’s activities online to prevent harassment or exploitation. Change passwords often to lessen the possibility of intrusion. Refrain from clicking on unfamiliar links, or downloading ‘free’ software as these can often contain malware or viruses. Use a firewall (Dashora,

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