Introduction
Crowdsourcing is an emerging practice that has become an accelerating topic in Information Technology (IT) nowadays. Howe’s definition of Crowdsourcing (as cited in Brabham, 2008), is an act of a company, outsourcing the work previously performed by their employees to an undefined network of people in the form or an open call. (Murari and Atigadda, 2014) defines Crowdsourcing as a process of getting work from a crowd of people from an online community, rather than from traditional employees. In IT software application projects, crowdsourcing is an option for companies to outsource IT services from a crowd in an online community made possible through web-based platforms, such as cloud platform. There is a growing use for crowdsourcing on Software Testing (ST). This review analyse various literature that focuses on the use of crowdsourcing for software testing.
What is crowdsourced testing?
Software Testing is a highly expensive yet an important phase in software development, as this assures the quality of the developed software prior to implementation. To consider the potential of Crowdsourcing for ST, I considered some definition being used within IT. Crowdsourced testing or crowd testing, are derived from the terms crowdsourcing and software testing which are used to describe the practice of software testing using the crowd. (Speidel, 2013) define Crowdtesting as a “software testing methodology that leverages a community of external expert software testers with diverse backgrounds and demographics from all across the globe. It differs from the traditional approach in that testing is carried out by a larger number of testers from different places, rather than by a limited number of in-house testing professionals.” ...
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...or Usability Testing. Paper presented at ASIS&T 75th Annual Meeting, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Murari, R., & Atigadda, V. (2009, March). Panorama of Crowd Testing. TE Testing Experience, the Magazine for Professional Testers, (25), 58-60. Retrieved from http://www.testingexperience.com/
Speidel, D. (2014). Crowdsourced Software Testing for Enterprises. Retrieved from http://www.passbrains.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/Crowdsourced-software-testing-for-enterprises.pdf
Steinhauser, M. (2009, March) Crowd Testing: An Addition to Traditional Software Testing. TE Testing Experience, the Magazine for Professional Testers, (25), 22-24. Retrieved from http://www.testingexperience.com/
Zogaj, S. & Bretschneider, U. (2013): Crowdtesting with testCloud: Managing the Challenges of an Intermediary. Retrieved from http://pubs.wi-kassel.de/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/JML_420.pdf
The main protagonist for this story is Mr. Waythorn, he is the third and current husband of Alice Waythorn and the story is mostly told from his perspective. He is the main character of the story and works with Alice's second husband, Gus Varick. He is also the stepfather of Lily who is the daughter of the first husband of Alice; Mr. Haskett. He looks beyond the social stigma of marrying a woman who has been twice divorced. We see throughout the story Mr. Waythorn’s character undergoes some changes in the way he views his wife and her past relationships thereby making him a round character. Mrs. Waythorn is the antagonist of this story, it is obvious that the she has used all her marriages to advance her social standing, she redefines herself based on the level she attains, thereby refining who she is to those around her. We see all this from the perspective of her husband. After the glow of the honeymoon has died down Mr. Waythorn begins to realize that his perception of who Alice was before they got married was probably wrong. Alice is revealed to be more complicated as a character than we are initially presented with based on the perception of her current husband, so for this reason she is a round character.
However the only exemption to this rule is Google analytics [1]. For example if an analyst wants to test the web page using a Google Analytics content step, the first step is to choose experimental objectives [1]. Although testing online is optional, however, it is compulsory for every organization, whether small, medium or large to incorporate some level of testing into the business [6]. For a small organization trying to target a specific region some of the benefits of online testing
Crowdsourcing is a term coined in 2006 by a magazine editor named Jeff Howe. Howe felt crowdsourcing was similar to outsourcing just on a much larger scale. Companies gather hundreds to thousands of people via the internet to perform jobs or tasks using their ideas and skills and then the companies would take these ideas and use them. However, this concept of crowdsourcing has been around long before the internet. For century’s companies such as Pillsbury, with their Bake Off contest that started in 1949 and other well-known companies have used the concept behind crowdsourcing to make successful business decisions as well as great paid off in the end. Although the internet has enabled crowdsourcing to become a more powerful tool for companies
Johnson, D.L., & Kleiner, B. H. (2000). A comparative view of employment testing. Management Research News, 23(7), 99-102. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/223538226?accountid=32521
Crowdsourcing involves collecting ideas from social events such as fundraising, gatherings, for the purpose of change or innovation. Pisano, P., Pironti, M. & Rieple, A. (2015) believe companies target unorganized settings for crowdsourcing. In the medical field, conferences are often held where new ideas, technologies and strategies and shared among colleagues. These conferences range from $200.00 to $2,000.00 depending on the complexity of the topic.
Hunter, Beatrice Trum. “New Alternatives in Safety Testing.” Consumer Research Magazine 83 (2002): 26- 30.
Globalization has had a major impact on the way business is conducted. Companies are increasingly turning to offshore software development outlets for design management. Anywhere from one-half to two-thirds of all Fortune 500 companies are already outsourcing to India and the amount of work done there for U.S. companies is expected to more than double this year according to Forrester Research. This paper will take a look at some of the arguments for and against outsourcing IT development to India. Most importantly this paper will take a look at ethical standpoints taken on outsourcing. But first, we'll take a look at the history of outsourcing to India.
Zhang, Xihui, Thomas F. Stafford, Jasbir S. Dhaliwal, Mark L. Gillenson, and Gertrude Moeller. 2014. "Sources of conflict between developers and testers in software development." Information & Management no. 51 (1):13-26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2013.09.006.
Schenk, Eric, and Claude Guittard. "Crowdsourcing: What Can Be Outsourced to the Crowd, and Why?" University of Strasbourg Graduate School of Science and Technology (2009): 1-29. Web.
McGinn, D. (2003, June). Testing, testing: The new job search. Newsweek, 141(23), 36-37. Retrieved February 25, 2011, from ABI/INFORM Global. (Document ID: 349514251).
What Is Software Testing? And Why Is It So Hard? James A. Whittaker,IEEE SOFTWARE January/February 2000
Helbing, Dirk and Pratik Mukerji. “Crowd disasters as systemic failures: analysis of the Love Parade disaster. EPJ Data Science. 1.7. 2012: 1-40. Print
A community cloud is controlled and used by a group of organizations that have shared interests, such as specific security requirements or a common mission.
Ravitch, Diane “In Defense of Testing.” Forming a Critical Perspective, Ed, Ann Spurlock. 1st. Boston, MA: Pearson Learning Solutions, 2010. 194-195. Print.