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United kingdom monetary policy history
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Our already instable government is hanging in the balance of a valueless currency (we will refer to this as a fiat currency) of which has always proven to collapse not only the currency itself – but the economy that housed it. So, the question is: why? Why are we not able to simply learn from our predecessors of this ‘fiat’ currency? Furthermore, why have we not already learned from our own past? That’s right; we as a country have already had several failed attempts at this idea.
First things first, what is a fiat currency? A fiat currency is a money system in which the money itself has no intrinsic value, or the intrinsic value is significantly lower than the face value, and is declared to be legal tender by a government. This is where we get the ‘fiat’ part, fiat means: arbitrary order. Also, it is not convertible by law to any other thing such as gold or silver.
This sounds like loose concept at best, so why would any government issue something like this? Why were we taken off the gold standard? Well this happened back in 1971 by order of President Richard Nixon. During this time the unemployment rate was at 6.1% and the inflation rate was at 5.84%. So, as means to combat this, Nixon made it so the U.S. dollar was no longer convertible to gold. Now all of a sudden the government is paying its bills while increasing its wealth and the potential increase in inflation has stopped right? Sounds good on paper… until you realize that the paper is worth more than the paper it was bought with.
So why does the fiat currency fail each time? Here is why: taxpayers are fed up with the amount of taxes that they are already paying and if they were asked to pay more than they would only get even angrier and nothing good could come out of tha...
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...s over $680 billion. Yet… the stock market is at an all-time high… how can the stock market of an indebted, bankrupt nation be at an all-time high? Well what do you expect when trillions of dollars are pumped into an economy?
Overall, our surfeit printing and spending of paper money will be a large contributing factor to the irreversible destruction of a once strong economy by an ill-conceived government. This really goes to show that history does in fact repeat itself and that – sadly – we are at a place where it would be close to impossible to stop.
Works Cited
“Gold and silver are the emissions of nature: paper is the emission of art. The value of gold and silver is ascertained by the quantity which nature has made in the earth. We cannot make that quantity more or less than it is, and therefore the value being dependent upon the quantity, depends not on man…”
As the new century approached, a national crisis began to develop in the United States. The nation faced a severe depression, nationwide labor unrest and violence, and the government’s inability to fix any of the occurring problems. The Panic of 1893 ravaged the nation and became the worse economic crisis of its time. The depression’s ruthlessness contributed to social unrest and weakened the monetary system’s strength, leading to a debate over what would be the foundation of the national currency. As the era ended, the US sought to increase its power and strength.
In the beginning of the 1830s, the United States experienced a short period of expansion and a prosperous economy. Land sales, new taxes, such as the Tariff of 1833, and the newly constructed railroads brought a lot of money into the government’s possession; never before in the history of the country had the government experienced a surplus in its national bank. By 1835, the government was able to accumulate enough money to pay off its national debt. Much of the country was happy with this newly accumulated wealth, but President Jackson, before leaving office in 1836, issued what is called a Specie Circular. Many local and state governments liked to save specie, or gold and silver, and use paper money to take care of transactions. President Jackson, in his Specie Circular, said that the Treasury was no longer allowed to accept paper money as payment for the sales of land and the like. Most, if not all, of the country did not like this, and as a result many banks restricted credit and discontinued the loans. The effects of Jackson’s Specie Circular took effect in 1837, when Martin van Buren became president. All investors became scared, and in 1837, attempted to withdraw all of their money at once. Soon after this, unemployment and riots occurred in many cities, and the continued expansion of the railroad ceased to be.
Unfortunately for the National Government, Congress did not have any power to collect taxes from people in each individual state. The Congress could ask for money, but could not by any mean force states to pay them. The National Government greatly needed money to cover expenses and debts. Congress could not pay the Nation’s debt, which meant they could not provide much needed programs and services for the states. With that issue being addressed, it is obvious the Nation had problems with their currency. With no uniform currency for the Nation, each state came up with their individual currency. Every state’s value of a dollar had differences in what they worth. By printing their own money, the Nation’s currency became practically worthless, while the state’s currency was worth quite a bit.
That is simple. In the Colonies, we issue our own money. It is called Colonial Scrip. We issue it in proper proportion to the demands of trade and industry to make the products pass easily from the producers to the consumers. In this manner, creating for ourselves our own paper money, we control its purchasing power, and we have no interest to pay to no one. (Binderup 1941)
Money makes exchange much easier, because people can trade their goods for money and use the money to buy other things. In the Bible money was silver or gold, a precious metal, and America was on a gold standard throughout most of her history. In 1933 we shifted to a silver standard and in 1968 our silver certificates were replaced with Federal Reserve Notes (Remy, 2008). Today’s paper money is not backed by anything except the government’s promise that it is good. Money with no precious metal backing allows the central government to spend more than it collects in taxes, because the Federal Reserve Board can print new money, thus increasing the money supply, anytime there is a need. This is what causes inflation and is one way that the Federal Reserve Board has overstepped Biblical principles in economic policy. Greg Anthony writes that “one of the Biblical signs of a nation backsliding is the condition of its currency and the degree of honesty in its weights and measures” (Anthony, 1988, p. 28). When the money supply is increased, either through printing more money or credit-expansion, the purchasing power of the dollar falls, and businesses must increase the prices they charge to keep up with their own higher costs. Inflation encourages debt, deceives people about pay increases and future wealth accumulations, is a hidden theft tax, and decreases capital available for
Every day in New York City, hundreds of people walk past a huge digital billboard with giant numbers across its face. Each person who walks past this billboard sees a slightly different arrangement of numbers, growing larger every second. This board is the National Debt Clock, representing the over 14 trillion dollars currently owed by the United States. While some people claim that the national debt is caused by the falling economy, most maintain that the debt itself causes the poor economy (Budget Deficits 2007). Rising debt leads to higher interest and investment rates, and cuts into our national savings. Ignoring the national debt leaves the major burden of paying it off to later generations, while meanwhile allowing our country’s economy to further drop and our dependency on other nations to rise.
In this way, an explanation will be provided for why the gold standard rose to prominence and then declined. The gold standard is a monetary system in which the value of a nation’s currency is attached to the value of gold. In this system, gold can be exchanged for currency and currency can be exchanged for gold. During the nineteenth century, the major nations of the world switched to the gold standard, thereby replacing the previous system of bimetallism (a standard based on the values of both gold and silver). In 1821, Britain was the first nation to adopt the gold standard.
Further, there exist other elements that characterized Bitcoin and crypto currency. These are; there is lack of regulatory management and oversight. This mean that the currency has got what is known as anonymity which results from shortage of oversight. In this case, it means that once the currency is in the market, government and legal roles fail thus putting the crypto currency out of the currency market. The crypto currency litter the black market due to lack of this regulatory.
While Bitcoin is a currency, it is really better to understand it as a public ledger. This ledger which is viewable by anyone, records every transaction within the network, and verifies the transaction from every computer on the network. This is the algorithm that the invention of Bitcoin solved. This system is very similar to the ledger that banks use to manage money electronically in their systems. While their system is controlled by a private company, Bitcoin is totally decentralized. It is not a corporation or bank deciding what is happening with your money, it is not decided by anyone buy you. It is simply confirmed using validated math and proven computer science.
Paper money is more complex. From 1900 through 1971 (with the exception of during World War I), the US dollar was backed by gold, meaning its value was legally defined by a certain weight of the metal. That ended in 1971, when Richard Nixon shocked the world by breaking the link to gold and allowing the dollar’s value to be determined by trading in the foreign exchange markets. The dollar is valuable not because it’s as good as gold, but because you can buy goods and services produced in the United States with it—and, crucially, it’s the only form the US government will accept for tax payments. Among the Federal Reserve’s many functions is allowing the issuance of just the right quantity of dollars—enough to keep the wheels of commerce well greased without slipping into a hyperinflationary crisis.
First, in order to function properly, countries have to follow rules to avoid deflation or inflation. However, if a country wanted to, they could easily deflate or inflate their economy by breaking said rules. The second major flaw of the gold standard is that there is not enough gold in the world to serve as money anymore because there is too much money in circulation. The process of mining gold is dangerous, expensive and difficult as it is hard to find. The process of printing dollar bills is quick, easy and cheap. Why go through the effort to mine more gold when the fiat system has arguably done just as well? The choice is clear, the gold standard has been replaced by a new, better standard – the fiat
No economic systems can regulate the production or value of the currency, the system that crypto-currencies are based upon was created by Satoshi Nakamoto - purposely creating Bitcoin which the practise of fractional reserve banking would be virtually impossible. Bitcoin is currently the most successful crypto-currency to date - created in 2009, this anonymous decentralized digital currency has been the target of several raids and hacking sprees; the media are contemplating the significance of Bitcoin in our current worlds economy. Whether it has potential of overruling fiat-currencies or if it’s just a puerile project created by the aberrant Satoshi Nakamoto. Global Perspective Since its creation in the ‘60s, the Internet has paved the way for numerous phenomenons that have affected the way that we live, the way we communicate and that have affected the worlds economy.
Today, couple of monetary forms are completely upheld by gold or silver. Subsequent to most world monetary standards are fiat cash, the cash supply could increment quickly for political reasons, bringing about inflation. The
In conclusion a cashless society seems positive and quite close that we actually think, but the main issues of these opportunities will solely depend on whether the benefits would outweigh the disadvantages. We can already see that many people agree with the government on the cashless economy but on the other hand other people such as Christians will not probably accept this as a norm. It is vital to understand if society moves to a cash free economy, the benefits must distinctively overshadow in the end. It appears that much has been done in terms of the awareness of a cashless society as technology advances in progression with the use of electronic devices and system without the exchange of anything tangible. However
Daily in the USA about 38 million banknotes of various face value for total amount about 541 million dollars are issued (Facts about USA money).Dollars involve deep consequences both for the USA, and for other countries. Increase of its course relatively reduces the volume of export revenue in dollars, quite often involves more considerable, than change of an exchange rate, falling of the world prices, especially on raw materials. On the contrary, decrease in a dollar rate serves as the powerful tool promoting growth of the American export and a pushing off of competitors of the USA in foreign markets. At the same time import to the USA owing to effect of a rise in prices restrains. Thus, for the USA changes in the exchange rate of dollar anyway bring benefits and advantages.Reduction of leading positions of the USA in world economy is assisted by the international role of dollar which remains the main reserve and settlement means in world monetary system. Foreign currency reserves of the central banks of other countries for 61% consist of dollars, nearly 2/3 calculations in world trade are carried out in dollars; the dollar serves as a measure of value of many important goods (for example: oil) in the world market; in dollars 3/4 international bank crediting is made (Aleksandr Popov). Changes in the exchange rate of dollar involve deep consequences both for the USA, and for other countries. Increase of its course relatively reduces the volume of export revenue in dollars, quite often involves more considerable, than change of an exchange rate, falling of the world prices, especially on raw materials. On the contrary, decrease in a dollar rate serves as the powerful tool promoting growth of the American export and a pushing off...