Muddling through can be scientifically linked based on the methods associated with testing hypothesis for courses of action (COA) (Lindblom, 1959). The root method of problem solving relies on facts overshadowing constraints to deliver an expected outcome (Greiff, 2013). The linear evaluation of alternatives are associated with the optimal known is sought through discovery and analysis. A degree of risk is associated with unknowns that can detract or change an outcome that is simply fluke or out of one’s control (Fitzsimmons, 2011).
Policy building in designed by the branches created with the COAs that can be agreed upon through familiarity of past or related policy (Lowenthal, 2011). The caveat and build of branches is beneficial to the policy maker because each cramp in the branch has a measurable outcome of compromise through the association of benefit(s). For example a policy that allows parents to emancipate their kids at the age of 18 would consist of branches with the parameter such as if the child has an existing trust as a result of divorce or the adult can be taxed a portion of the trust if more that X amount is used within the fiscal year of release.
The branches can act as bargaining chip to compromise (Lindblom, 1959). The trial and error of implementation gives a quick glance of how productive the policy is overall in specific case and circumstances (Lindblom, 1959). The scientific measure of a hypothesis substantiates or discredits theory (Miller, 2011). Policy is not based on theory as much as it is action (Page, 2010). The Selma Bus Boycotts generated policy that would hopefully end the boycotts. The negotiation process was not successful the eventually the compromise through branches of the policy of...
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...nce is the power support needs to manage probable outcomes.
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Page, B. I. (2010). The rational public: Fifty years of trends in Americans' policy preferences. University of Chicago Press.
Contrasts in the lawmaking methodology utilized as a part of the House and Senate reflect the distinctive size of the two chambers and individual terms of its parts. In the House, the dominant part gathering is inflexibly in control, stacking advisory groups with lion 's share party parts, and utilizing principles to seek after enactment supported by its parts. In the Senate, singular parts are better ready to hold up the procedure, which prompts lower similarity costs, however higher exchange costs. The complication of the lawmaking procedure gives rivals different chances to murder a bill, making a solid predisposition for the present state of affairs.
The American Academy of Political and Social Science The Annals of The American Academy of Political and Social Science,(2013)
Kernell, S., Jacobson, G. C., Kousser, T., & Vavreck, L. (2013). The Logic of American Politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.
The old idea of the separation of branches has proven to be able to solve modern day issues. However, recent issues have also proven to disregard the system, in which selfish needs over power and manipulate its uses. One example of this would be the over-empowerment of a singular branch within the government. A recent IRS scandal brought up the question as to whether or not the Presidential (executive) branch used the IRS to intimidate the opposite party, in which skepticism arose towards the “equality” of the separated branches. Another example of questionable equality of the balance of branches would be the passing of the “Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act” (Obamacare) within 2008-10, which was a law passed without the consent of the other branches besides the executive. These are clear examples of how modern day issues can twist and ruin this ‘flawless’ system. These examples, however, show the greater need for the separation of powers in today’s government. As society has grown and evolved, the government’s people, their job being the voice of the people of the country, has turned into a way to achieve selfish wants for our representatives, creating an even more significant need for the separation of powers.
Wilson, James Q., John J. DiIulio, Jr., and with Meena Bose. American Government: Institutions & Policies. 12th ed. Boston, MA.: Wadsworth Publishing, 2011.
Kraft, M. E., & Furlong, S. R. (2013). Public policy: politics, analysis, and alternatives (4th ed.). Washington DC, CQ Press.
...ds, William. <a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/stat?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&offerid=6424&type=2&subid=0&url=http%253A//search.borders.com/fcgi-bin/db2www/search/search.d2w/Details%253F%2526mediaType%253DBook%2526prodID%253D3901535" >Political Attitudes in the Nation & the States<IMG border=0 alt=icon width=1 height=1 src="http://ad.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/show?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&bids=6424&type=2&subid=0" >. University North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Institute for Research in Social Science. 1974Mulcahy, Kevin and Katz, Richard. <a href="http://click.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/stat?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&offerid=6424&type=2&subid=0&url=http%253A//search.borders.com/fcgi-bin/db2www/search/search.d2w/Details%253F%2526mediaType%253DBook%2526prodID%253D14579075" >America Votes: What You Should Know About Elections Today<IMG border=0 alt=icon width=1 height=1 src="http://ad.linksynergy.com/fs-bin/show?id=pcZ8g7DjAzA&bids=6424&type=2&subid=0" >. New Jersey, Prentice Hall Inc. 1976.U.S. News & World Report Politics Inside and Out Washington D.C., U.S. News and World Report. 1970
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Powers set forth by the Executive Branch still and always have remained under the direction of the President of the United States. The President is responsible for implementation, and enforcing of laws. Also part of the executive branch is the Vice Presidents who assumes the presidential duties should the need arise. The executive branch has not always played the same role as it does today in health policies. This essay reviews the duties of the executive branch and addresses a personal analysis of which branch of government should ultimately be in charge of health care issues.
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As seen quite often in the Obama administration, legislation gets stuck and lost in Congress due to the polarization of the parties in recent years. In Obama’s case, he has frequently threatened to go around the House and Senate if they could not reach an agreement or would shoot down his plans. Cato’s Pilon points out, however, that the hurdles of Congress are no mistake. Pilot states that the framer’s of the Constitution knew what they were doing, and this was intended to keep the checks and balances as well as accountability to the public (Lyons,
In addition, due to the establishment of the three branches the negative effects of factions have been discouraged. One of the numerous institutions that have helped with the discouragement of factions is the Legislative branch. The Legislative branch is comprised of two parts, The House of Representatives and The Senate. The House is composed of Representatives elected by the people within a district and is determined by population, thus the more people in a state, the m...
Schmidt, Shelley, and Bardes. American Politics and Government Today. Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1999, pgs. 325-327.
Kraft, Michael E. Public Policy: Politics, Analysis, and Alternatives, 4th Edition. N.p.: CQ, 2012. N. pag. Print.
“Pew Research Center for the People & the Press Political Survey” (Q.44CF1). Pew Research Center. The Pew Charitable Trusts, Oct. 2013. Web. 21 Apr. 2014.