The Cost of Empire
An empire is, literally, a group of nations or peoples ruled over by an emperor, empress, or other powerful sovereign or government. However, what is sacrificed or given up during the process of creating and maintaining an empire; what is the “cost” of empire? In the Aeneid of Virgil, Virgil depicts these costs from three different perspectives. The first viewpoint is on a personal level; during the course of the epic, Aeneas paid the price when his father, wife, lover, and son of his ally were killed, or killed themselves. The second perspective is on a much grander scale, claiming that cultures and beliefs of other nations will either be retained or destroyed while creating and expanding the empire through almost constant and necessary war. Lastly, a cost is associated not only before, but even after constructing the empire; the emperor or leader will face (almost certainly clandestine) opposition to his methods of the formation or rule of the empire. This premise is largely supported by Virgil himself because the epic in its entirety is both a commendation and more importantly, a criticism of Rome, ingeniously crafted and written right under the emperor’s nose. For these reasons, the cost of empire is defined like so: that in order to create the empire, the pain brought about by the death of many individuals, possibly cherished by the founder, is required; the combination, assimilation or destruction of many other cultures by means of necessary war will occur; and the recognition of the formation of opposition who will contradict the customs of the empire is inevitable.
Throughout the epic, Aeneas suffered the loss of many people dear to him. The first person to pass away was his wife Creusa. During the ...
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...he other, the gate of ivory, a perfect and glittering gate through which spirits send false dreams into the world. Rather than sending Aeneas through the easy exit, Virgil sends him through the gate of ivory. The only reason Anchises would escort Aeneas through a gate of “false dreams” is to evaluate Rome’s future. All of the glories that Anchises prophesied earlier were artifices because (and Virgil once again correlates passages) Rome will eventually be overcome with its desire for expansion and wealth and be destroyed. Therefore, it is easily established that Virgil simply was not only celebrating Rome to please the king, but to secretly critique it as well. Anyone who believes otherwise merely fails to assess the details that Virgil includes in his implications that Rome will eventually fall and its future is not as certain as the Roman people may believe.
In The Aeneid there are rich implemented principles such as fate, discipline, and competition which greatly influenced the Roman empire causing it’s rise from obedience to the principles as well as it’s fall from disobedience. Virgil lived during the dawn of the rising sRoman empire, and his book was a catalyst to the greatness that grew within the nation. The Aeneid focused around the principle that fate’s power and dominance overrule human life, which in turn would bring indolence or proactivity depending on the individual’s capacity. Although fate can easily be ripped down as a belief it did many great things for the Romans whether it is real or not. Unfortunately the themes of deceit and trickery also crept into the book’s contents, which
Another woman who was also affected negtively by the will of the gods was the lovely Dido, queen and founder of Carthage. Upon the arrival of Aeneas and the beginning of their love affair, she is consumed by a love brought on by Cupid that was “...inward fire eating her away” and sh...
Aeneas sees the destruction of his city through the work of the gods. This tangible sign teaches Aeneas to leave Troy and start the journey to found Rome. Aeneas would stay and continue to fight for Troy, but the sign furthers the pursuit of his mission. His actions become impersonal toward his own family members when he loses his wife, Creusa. Aeneas never looks back or gives a second thought to his family around him until he stops at the funeral mound (2.960-968). Aeneas focuses too much on leaving Rome and his mission, until he returns to his house where Creusa’s ghost confronts him with the reminder of his mission (2.985-1040). His wife reminds him of what is important—his mission and Rome—so Aeneas returns to the funeral mound and turns toward the future. After adventure and hardships, the ships land on Italy and the men begin to feast. Iulus reminds the crew of a prophecy and Aeneas
Heroes, a concept that was important to Romans, were supposed to be pious, fate-followers, and have good morals when it comes to those that they are supposed to be taking care of. Aeneas knows, after the message from Jove, that it is no longer morally right or pious to stay in Carthage just because of his affair with Dido and because he enjoys the ‘sweet’ land of the city. On leaving Carthage, Aeneas has put everyone above himself, and this can further be seen in Book VI, when Aeneas is in the Underworld and is hurt by the fact that Dido has passed because of him, and that she no longer cares about him (Aeneid, VI. 455-460). Aeneas even tries to explain to Dido (and the readers) that he did not leave Carthage under his own self, that he only did so because the gods said that he had to . As a Hero, Aeneas does not act exactly as he wants to; as a Hero, Aeneas does all that the gods tell him to, in order to achieve the greater good, in this case: giving Ascanius his fated future
Impressed by Aeneas’s achievements and compassionate to his suffering Dido falls in love with Aeneas. They live together as lovers for a while, until the gods reminded Aeneas of his responsibility to find a new city “Amazed, and shocked to the bottom of his soul By what his eyes had seen, Aeneas felt. His hackles rise, his voice choke in his throat.As the sharp admonition and command. From heaven had shaken him awake, he now. Burned only to be gone, to leave that land. Of the sweet life behind(4.379-395)”. In this quote, the god had a remind him what his duty was and he couldn’t accomplish it if he spend all of his time with his wife. He determines to set sail once again. Dido is overwhelmed by his leaving, and kills herself by ordering a huge fire to be built with Aeneas’s castaway possession, climbing upon it, and stabling herself with the sword Aeneas leaves behind. As they were traveling to Italy bad weather came again and they ended up in Sicily. The women burn the ship but a downpour put the fire out. His father visits him in his dream and say take the rest toward Italy. While Aeneas was away the Turnus attack the Trojan, when he came back he saw his boy in a
Aeneas also went to fight in the Trojan War. He also was a national hero. He was a great warrior. Both Odysseus and Aeneas were trying to head home.
... between Aeneas and the Homeric heroes, given an account of the historical and mythological background of Rome and demonstrated that the Roman way of life is necessarily more structured and community oriented than the Homeric Greek way of life. Virgil wrote The Aeneid as an ode to the greatness of Rome, we could imagine that as he wrote it he was in constant competition with Homer because The Aeneid was a proclamation of greatness for the Romans as the Homeric epics were for the Greeks. But Virgil took advantage of the flaws that the Homeric Heroes had and gave the corresponding virtues to Aeneas thus ensuring Aeneas' superiority and consequently Rome's superiority.
One such comrade Aeneas encounters in the underworld is Palinurus who was also duty bound, a helmsman on Aeneas' ship and a faithful servant who falls overboard and drowns, failing to finish his duties. He now suffers and begs Aeneas for a "quiet haven", a proper burial in his death. He says to Aeneas, "deliver me from captivity, Unconquered friend! Throw earth on me-you can-Put in to Velia port! Or if there be Some way to do it, if your goddess mother Shows a way-¡.."Book VI Lines 493-500. This conversation is not only significant in helping Aeneas to realize the costs of authority when your duties to your people and country are not carried out thoroughly ( as seen by Palinurus being held captive in the underworld without a proper burial), but in helping Aeneas realize even more that the gods, including Aeneas' mother, are powerful in determining the fate of an individual during life of duty as well as after life in the underworld. The need of a proper burial in the underworld is essential in attaining some feelings of gratification for carrying out duty to his people and country. Aeneas can now realize what it means to be "Roman" and carry out his duties as destiny prescribed to avoid the chance of an overlooked and proper burial. Virgil uses Aeneas to personify the spirit of the Roman Empire by encompassing the scope of both Iliad and Odyssey. By allowing the underworld to open many aspects of Greek history, Aeneas is able to understand the importance of his family values, striving to fulfill his duty, or his mission, even though Dido almost prevented it.
“I was obliged to memorize the wanderings of a hero named Aeneas, while in the meantime I failed to remember my own erratic ways. I learned to lament the death of Dido, who killed herself for love, while all the time, in the midst of these things, I was dying, separated from you, my God and my Life.
In addition, the overall theme of the poem highlighted morality, which was a definitive tenet of Greco Roman civilization. In many ways, Virgil wrote the poem as a means of lauding the moral virtues of Roman society and as a personal challenge to outdo Homer’s epic compositions, The Illiad and The Odyssey. Virgil was successful because he had incorporated many of the same tales shared in the works of Homer into one epic poem which presented a linear storyline in the books that detailed the life and times of Aeneas and the Trojans. That being said, Virgil did not stray far from the approach that many writers had used before him; his primary focus throughout the Aeneid was placed squarely upon the back of idealized Greek and Roman moral principles, which were the dedication to ones’ honor, family, and country. By no means is there anything wrong with this approach, but in many ways, the entire poem could be viewed as a “propaganda” piece; while it might have served to enlighten, educate, and create a cohesive and uplifting story for the Roman populace, the poem lacked depth and a more profound exploration of human intricacies. While Virgil’s epic poem has stood the test of time and remains one of the greatest pieces
In order to try to guess why Virgil believed the Aeneid to be such a failure, it is important to first be familiar with what Virgil was trying to accomplish with the story. Augustus wanted it to be an epic which glorified Rome and ultimately himself. Virgil himself had a passion for Italy and the peace, order, and security that could come as a result of the Augustan age. He had grown up in the midst of civil war and experienced first hand the pain and suffering that it caused. Uniting all Italy under one rule would put an end to civil war and this was Augustus' plan. So in that sense Virgil shared Augustus' vision and was an ideal choice to write the epic.
In the poem, Virgil says that all Romans ought to have two certain virtues: he must remain a pious Roman citizen, and he must remain loyal to the Roman race. In Virgil’s poem, he uses Aeneas as a portrayal of not only a roman hero, but also as the ideal Roman citizen. For a man to be pious, he must do what he is called to do and follow his destiny. Aeneas is above all pious. He follows the will of the gods, even when it makes him suffer. Aeneas’ destiny is to lead the Trojan people to the new land of Rome. Although this is tough for him to do and he runs into difficulties along the way, he keeps on striving towards his final goal. Aeneas also, throughout the entire poem, remains loyal to the Roman race. there are times that it would be easy for him to go against the Romans, but he remains loyal and keeps on fighting for the empire. Aeneas is used to represent the ideal roman citizen and the ideal Roman hero, but these characteristics do not surface until the poem is nearly over. As the poem is coming to a close, Aeneas begins to explain how it is his duty to fight Turnus. He does not have the desire to have the battle with Turnus, but he has the desire to follow his destiny and do what he has been called to do. He says, “Hold back your anger! Now the t...
While the Aeneid does outline the future of Rome, it also highlights the pains of war, and also exposes his audience to a culture of violence, which they may be unfamiliar with. The act of balancing one’s duty towards others and his or her personal desires was a conflict that many people struggled with. By presenting the struggle between balancing inner desires and and personal responsibilities, Virgil offers his audience a framework that enhances their overall understanding of the poem.
Most of the civilizations throughout history have been taken over or replaced by other civilizations due to disunity and chaos. Although an empire might seem prosperous, the decline and fall of empires are sometimes inevitable. Even though an empire might seem invincible, there are many factors that could lead to the sudden decline or fall of an empire. Over many centuries, historians have composed many reasons, such as weak militaries, economic burdens, dynastic successions, and external enemies, which have been known to contribute to the rise and fall of many once successful empires.
Aeneas is often referred to as 'pious Aeneas', and this is also how even he...