Statement of the research question
Hotels are a place of business that provides a small type of living for customers who temporarily stay. It is occupied mainly of visitors to areas where while staying at a hotel they do whatever they have come to do such as tourism, visiting friends and relatives, business, or vacation. Robbery is a crime involving the forceful taking of an individual’s property through violence or intimidation. What would be important to the area is the spatial relationship between the crime and the place, that being robberies and hotels. The spatial relationship means the distance between the two. This is important because it would show whether robberies are in a dangerous proximity to hotels and bring concerns to the safety
…show more content…
The book known as Place Matters written by several criminologists such as Weisburd has mentioned “opportunity perspectives” when establishing the basis of crime and place. Weisburd et al (2016) mentions how offenders would choose a specific target based on the time, place, and method. It mentions how “opportunity theorists contend that people operate within a rational choice framework” (Weisburd et al, 2016, pp. 44). It also states how offenders select targets within a large geographical area, in this research, the city of Fairfax would count as a large geographical area. Weisburd et al (2016) states that when it comes to crime pattern theory, offenders would follow “basic routines” that must do with coming to and from destinations, labeled as nodes, and paths. What is trying to be said is that “offender knowledge and routines structure their hunting” (Weisburd et al, 2016, pp. 45). Weisburd et al (2016) also give solutions when it comes preventing crime such as situational crime prevention which requires more hard work. This would also include another literature that explains spatial risk assessment by Caplan, Kennedy, Barnum, and …show more content…
Datasets of retails, bars, schools, churches, and recreational areas were also used to determine the likelihood of a robbery to take place. For the crime data, since robberies were the focus, the robberies were highlighted and exported as points on the map with the rest of the crime data removed to only show robberies. For hotel data sets, first the addresses of all hotels were listed on a spreadsheet followed by each hotels’ coordinates within the city. Then the spreadsheet was added to the map as a data set and turned into a shapefile that appears on the map. The techniques used to establish the spatial relationship between hotels and robberies was through the spatial analysis tools. This would be done using Euclidean Distancing to determine the distance correlation on how far robberies occur just around hotels and beyond the path its’ occupants and employees take. It is then broken up into 5 classes with class 1 being in proximity to the hotels and class 5 being the
An academic study done on violent crime in San Antonio for the SciVerse Science Direct journal analyzes how built in environmental characteristics influence such a diverse and rapidly growing city. San Antonio’s population consists of 60% Hispanics, a poverty rate of over 18%, a teenage birth rate of 39/1000, and a homicide rate of 6.9 per 100,000 (302). The results of the study indicate that residential instability, poverty and low education rates are the biggest factors contributing to San Antonio’s crime increase (not forgetting the obvious population increase contribution). Almost 7% of San Antonio homes are “vacant” while 40% are rented, not owned (Sparks 304). The author explains that rented homes are usually what are inhabited by single mothers, military members, minorities, and lower income families that have increased chances of poverty and susceptibility to criminal involvement (Sparks 305). O’Sullivan shows how the relationship between crime and wage is very elastic, so a 10% increase in wages would lead to a 10% decrease in crime. In San Antonio’s case, the unstable nature of land use creates a lower opportunity cost for committing property crimes on vacant areas. A detailed map in the study showed how the north and northwestern areas of San Antonio with more housing turnover and housing construction consequently
This paper will provide an explanation into how differential association theory explains burglary. Burglary, according to the Federal Bureau of Investigations (F.B.I), considers a property crime a Type 1 Index Crime because of its potentially violent nature. The F.B.I. breaks burglary down into three sub classifications. This paper discusses the elements of the crime of burglary and what constitutes a structure or dwelling. It will discuss a brief history of the deviance, trends and rates, and how it correlates to the specific theory that this paper will also discuss.
Hot spot policing is based on the idea that some criminal activities occur in particular areas of a city. According to researchers crime is not spread around the city instead is concentrated in small places where half of the criminal activities occur (Braga chapter 12). Also, many studies has demonstrated that hot spots do show significant positive results suggesting that when police officers put their attention on small high crime geographic areas they can reduce criminal activities ( Braga, papachristo & hureau I press). According to researchers 50% of calls that 911 center received are usually concentrated in less than 5% of places in a city (Sherman, Gartin, & Buerger, 1989; Weisburd, Bushway, Lum, &Yang, 2004). That is the action of crime is often at the street and not neighborhood level. Thus police can target sizable proportion of citywide crime by focusing in on small number of high crime places (see Weisburd & Telep, 2010). In a meta-analysis of experimental studies, authors found significant benefits of the hot spots approach in treatment compared to control areas. They concluded that fairly strong evidence shows hot spots policing is an effective crime prevention strategy (Braga (007) .Importantly, there was little evidence to suggest that spatial displacement was a major concern in hot spots interventions. Crime did not simply shift from hot spots to nearby areas (see also Weisburd et al., 2006).
http://www.ojip.usdoj.gov/nij. [Internet Website]. "Crime and Place: Plenary Papers of the 1997 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation."
In the past, according to the online Wikipedia encyclopedia, the common law definition of burglary, was breaking and entering of the dwelling of another at night with an intent to commit a felony therein. In the present, according to criminal.findlaw.com, the modern common law definition of burglary, is typically defined as the unlawful entry into almost any structure (not just a home or business) with the intent to commit any crime inside (not just theft/larceny). No physical breaking and entering is required; the offender may simply trespass through an open door. The Criminal law hand book written by Paul Bergman and Sara Berman states that the law has changed because burglary laws were more rigid, and they required the government to prove that a defendant at night forced open a door, a window, or some other part of a building to gain entry before it was called burglary. Unlike the present, going into a building any time of the day without consent through an open window or an unlocked door constitutes a break and entry for purposes of almost all burglary statutes. Even a partial entry can constitute a burglary.
The First Amendment of the constitution allows us the freedom to practice the religion of our choosing, the right to speak freely in public and in press, as well as the right to assemble and peacefully protest issues of which we feel strongly. However, the rights we have as free citizens differ considerably in comparison to that of prisoners. Prisoners are allowed these rights, but only to an extent to which it does not affect the safety of themselves or other inmates, nor cause an overwhelming burden on prison administrators. There are many cases won and lost by prisoners regarding the First Amendment, and within the following paragraphs I will discuss these cases in depth.
Why are some neighborhoods more prone to experience violent episodes than others? What is the extent and in what sociologically measurable ways do communities contribute to the causation and prevention of crime in their neighborhoods? Are neighborhood-level predictors adequate to explain differences in violent crime rates in the respective communities? These are some of the questions addressed by this statistically intense paper published in Science 1997, by Sampson, Raudenbush and Earls.
Situational theory believes that offenders are often opportunistic therefore; it aims to limit the opportunities that offenders have to participate in criminal behaviour (Morgan, Boxall, Linderman, Anderson 2012). This particular crime prevention strategy incorporates a range of measures that emphasise targeting very specific forms of crime in certain circumstanc...
At the most basic level most offenders have in relation what’s called organizational alignment (Dabney, A. 2012). This concept refers to how offenders create and participate in networks that support a criminal subculture. This structure also allows offenders to either engage in deviant behavior by themselves, or in a range of sub working partnerships. A prime example of this are poor economic areas which have failed to provide a means for criminals to achieve economic gains through legal means. Inner cities like Detroit, have breed a stable organizational structure for criminal alternative methods to thrive, because legal means such as paying jobs are not present. Along with low job rates, most offenders lack marketable skills and the knowledge to execute those jobs often excludes them from the mainstream labor pool (Wright, R., & Topalli, V. 2012). As a result offenders are forced to use criminal traits to achieve economic means, and thus participate in some type of organizational alignment. This environment breeds groups like street gangs, organized crime, and other sub groups that commit deviant acts together, including loner groups, those who commit crime by
Crime exists everywhere. It is exists in our country, in the big cities, the small towns, schools, and even in homes. Crime is defined as “any action that is a violation of law”. These violations may be pending, but in order to at least lower the crime rate, an understanding of why the crimes are committed must first be sought. There are many theories that are able to explain crimes, but three very important ones are rational choice theory, social disorganization theory and strain theory.
Robbery rates have always fluctuated depending on many outside factors. Currently, we are experiencing a trend of decreasing robbery rates. The academics are intrigued and eager to see why this phenomenon is happening. This paper will examine and summarize the current state of academic literature on the relationship between poverty and robbery.
Crime is an in inevitable occurrence in today 's culture. Despite the best efforts of our country 's criminal justice system, crime continues to be on the rise. In an effort to reverse this rising tide, efforts are being made to understand the underlying cause of crime and factors that can lead an individual into the life of crime. From the sociological perspective, there are three theories that are used to explain the cause of crime. They are the social structure theory, the bad neighborhood theory, and the social process theory.
Several contributing factors can be viewed as reasons for crime. Depending on the circumstances, it can sometimes be very difficult to resist the temptation to commit a crime. It is even harder when you are coming from a place where crime is considered to be a normal part of society and looked at as a way of daily living that is supposed to be incorporated into daily lifestyles, hence the city we are not too far from: Fresno. In fact, by having a city or group of cities nearby where violence, crime, and gangs are abundant, it has given me an incentive to dig deeper into this issue. Now the question can be posed: What is the significance of crime in areas where poverty is present? True, this is not an easy question to answer considering that crime happens for many different reasons and sometimes location is not the problem. The origin of crime date back to the beginning of man, and the thing is it will never be stopped, as it is almost a part of human nature nowadays. But for now, we must study how crime and poverty are linked to one another, and what other contributing factors influence the effect of crime where poverty is relevant.
...re high in the city. The highest non-violent crime that was experienced in the city, in January 2014 is theft, and he statistics indicated a total of 6,432 cases. The next highest type of crime in the non-violent class is burglary whose statistics indicated 1,944 cases. The relatively lower non-violent crime in the city is auto theft, whose data were reported to be 1,233 cases in the first month of 2014. From the above summary of the crime rates in the city, it is clear that the most prevalent form of crime affecting the city in non-violent crimes. There is, thus, a need for the formulation and implementation of crime prevention programs that are mostly centered on the prevention of non-violent crimes in the city, since these are the most experienced crimes in the city. This proposal is, thus, going to focus on the corrections branch of the criminal justice system.
Actus reus, mens rea…A guilty crime, a guilty mind. These words ring true for and crime, whether it is a simple misdemeanor, or as bad as a felony. Crimes can be any manner of things, from crimes against the person to crimes against property and against justice. The law has the extent of inchoate offenses, or “planning” to do a crime. These include an attempt at serious crime, conspiracy, incitement, or solicitation of services. Each of these is viewed differently in the eyes of the public and the eyes of those who interpret the law. In the United States, crime was at one of the highest rates in the world in the 1990’s, but has since decreased steadily. However, through massive amounts of mainstream media, the public is now far more aware of crime that does happen. The U.S. now spends far too much money and time focusing on legislation involving capital punishment, allowing jails to become over crowded with too-small crimes such as possession of marijuana, allowing ridiculous amounts of money to be spent on jails and prisoners.