It started in 1997, during President Clinton’s presidential time. The topic of cloning was “hot” back then- everyone and anyone talked about it, while studies were being done by scientists, throughout animal cell research. No one actually believed in it, until Dolly the Sheep was discovered, which was why President Clinton banned the idea of “human cloning”. He and his Board of Ethics believed scientists would use their findings on humans, so it was prohibited to do any kind of genetic engineering that was anywhere near the idea of cloning human embryonic cells. Due to this decision, some changes were made on cloning organisms research, allowing only animal cell research be done. (Kolata 233). What is not recognized is despite this ban, the …show more content…
They emphasize that cloning humans answers no questions for the world of science, neither does it benefit anyone. (Cohen, 12, and Kolata, 24). Cloning cannot end at animals just yet. Wilmut continues to explain that cloning animals’ cells are a good way to figure out how it can be helpful towards society, saying that cloned animals models can be used to test for new treatments for diseases that come out. Just that same year, in 1997, monkeys were cloned successfully, through embryonic cell transfer from primates; the significance of this study was, as Jerry Robinson, director of the Primate Centers Program admitted, “Now that we can produce identical monkeys, which will allow for research data that are certain, quicker, cheaper in studies on problems such as AIDS”. (Bradbury, 705). If just experimenting and using embryonic animal cells can bring outstanding results, it is great to hypothesize that human embryonic stem cells (therapeutic cloning) can do beyond more than we can …show more content…
Unfortunately, after Clinton’s first decision in 1997, four years later, in 2001, not much changed when George W. Bush ran for President; he only limited the availability of human embryonic stem cell lines for research. “A bill calling for a four year moratorium on stem-cell research is currently pending in the US”, while in Minnesota, North Dakota, Rhode Island, and South Dakota, Members of the European Parliament have already passed laws that bans cloning research for medical reasons! (Wilson, 535). Weisfeldt, chair of department of medicine, at John Hopkins University, tries to emphasize over and over, that despite trying to find alternatives for therapeutic cloning, (such as using adult stem cells, or bone marrow cells), therapeutic cloning is still shown most effective for medicine to enhance in the near future. Last year, in 2002, at the University of California, a biotechnology company were able to make paralyzed mice walk again, by transplanting nerve cells that originated from human embryonic stem cells! (California passed the law for cloning, for medical purposes, which led to this successful experiment). (Wilson 537). Other experiments included a successful milestone of cloning cows’ embryos and, to be formed into cloned organs. (Also, experimented during 2002). The process of this experiment, was Dr. Robert Lanza, wanted to prove how therapeutic cloning can help those who have diseases or in need of organ transplants, but cannot
Many people believe cloning is unethical and unusful. They believe that it should not be practiced, because it infringes upon their beliefs. They see cloning as a last resort and do not trust the science of cloning. “Several governments have considered or enacted legislation to slow down, limit or ban cloning experiments outright” (Freudenrich 5). Many people think that cloning a species is a very unideal situation. However the many benefits of cloning far outway the few disadvantages. Cloning endangered species is beneficial to saving most species around the world, in countries like the United States and China, from extinction.
What is immoral about saving lives? Therapeutic cloning is a realistic opportunity for patients suffering from a number of diseases. Murnaghan states:
It's been three years since the birth of Dolly, the world's first successfully cloned animal. The announcement of her birth brought about much ado and sparked many debates concerning the morality of cloning. In the three years since Dolly was created, the debate over cloning has swelled and receded, but has never been put to rest. A compelling issue that has come into focus in the past several years is the idea of human cloning. Many scientists believe that it is inevitable because the technology is there, and anything that can be done eventually will be done. They preach the value of human clones, dropping phrases like 'cure for disease' and 'prolonged life' to entice the public into supporting their cause. Though these concepts seem beguiling, the notion of human cloning, when looked at as a whole, has serious repercussions and should not be entertained lightly.
The world is quickly reaching carrying capacity, which according to Edward O. Wilson is about ten thousand vegetarians, and we do not have enough food to provide for that number of people (Wolchover). According to At Issue, from the SIRS database, animal cloning is a form of reproductive cloning, the process of creating an exact replica of an organism or cell asexually. (At Issue). Some may say that animal cloning is unethical or that it is unnatural. I however, say that this is not true, animal cloning is done by a means which, unless your moral guidelines are more strict than the MLA format, should be perfectly ethical. Also, aside from the retrieval of the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from the donor animal, it is entirely natural. You may be thinking “how is choosing what animal gets reproduced natural” it is natural because aside from the artificial extraction of DNA, the animal is birthed naturally. Not only is animal cloning both
Human cloning research has once been the subject of terrifying science-fiction films and novels, science experiments gone wrong, accomplished only by the evil scientists twirling their moustaches. However, ideas presented on page and screen are rarely accurate. The possibility of cloning an exact copy of another human with one already fully developed is almost impossible, but through meticulous research, scientists have discovered the numerous benefits of cloning humans, either with individual cells or an embryo.
President Clinton signed an order banning federal money to be used on research of cloning and embryo science. By not giving money to develop cloning techniques, this leaves cloning to be research by private citizens and private companies. If public policy was changed concerning human cloning and federal money was given to establish national research centers and a commission to regulate cloning then black market of cloning would be seriously decreased. There is a current debate over whether or not the Food and Drug admission has any jurisdiction over cloning research. The argument is that the F.D.A. does not have the power to regulate medical practices. They only have the power to regulate legal drugs. As it stands now there is no type of regulation on human cloning research.
Human and animal cloning traces back to a long time in history. There has been many changes and improvements throughout the times. For example, cloning had started with smaller, easier subjects to work with. Researchers have found that "cloning of plants (such as growing a plant from a cutting) has been a common practice of mankind for hundreds and perhaps thousands of years" ("History of Cloning"). In earlier times, many scientists used plants to practice on and perfect before moving on. After they had perfected this, than they would move on to more complicated subjects. In addition, animals became the next experiments for the science of cloning. " Even cloning of small animals has a long history dated back to the 1960s; human cloning had not been thought possible until the successful cloning of the first mammal, Dolly the Sheep, in 1997" ("History of Cloning"). Dolly the Sheep helped scientists be convinced that ...
Position one states that we should be able to go through with cloning as long as there are limitations attached. These limitations include deciding on a length in time in which the embryo has to be harvested, having the government monitor the individuals or groups that engage in the research, a ban on commerce in living cloned human embryos, human subjects will be researched on with the highest standards of ethics, a prior scientific review of the proposed uses of cloned embryos to judge their unique medical and scientific benefits, and research will continue into non-embryonic sources of stem cells. Position one, along with positions two and three will be discussed further in the following paper.
The topic I chose was cloning, but I will be focusing on Human Cloning. Dolly the sheep was the first mammal to be created using cloning technology in 1997. With the birth of Dolly the sheep it had raise of a possibility of one day being able to clone human. It took 277 times to create dolly the sheep although it suffers from arthritis and premature aging. In December 2002, a religious group of Raelin claimed that a human baby was cloned but it had not been scientifically confirmed. In 1962 John Gurdon claimed to have cloned South African frogs from the nucleus differentiated adult intestinal cells. In 1964, F.E Stewart grew a complete carrot plant using the carrot root cells and to prove that cell cloning was possible. Francis Crick and James Watson were the first pioneers to discover double helix structure of DNA in 1953. It increased the scientific research of learning about human genetic codes and discovers the possibility of cloning. According to Vos (2004), “In 1984, Steen Willadsun cloned a sheep from embryo cells, which were the predecessor to Dolly’s method of cloning.” In 2002 Boisselier chemist and CEO of Clonaid, cloned Eve the first baby to be cloned and was 7lbs; she is known to be a healthy and happy baby. Eve was created by an America woman of 31 years old who donated her DNA for a cloning process. The woman didn’t give her name, but her embryo was implanted and then gestated to the baby, with that it would make an identical twin as an exact genetic duplicate of the mother. The reason why she decided to donate her DNA was because her husband was infertile of resorted cloning.
Human cloning is an artificial reproduction process in which the offspring is created identically to its original down to their genetic level. This is accomplished by destroying a fertilized egg’s genetic component and inserting it with the replicated DNA sequence which the egg may accept and multiply. Once accepted, the fertilized egg will multiply to an embryo. During the early stage of development, an embryo is mostly made of stem cells. Stem cells attract scientist due to the fact that a stem cell can be grown into most organs and parts of the human body. The primary goal for human cloning is to use these stem cells to grow organs and chemicals in a lab to aid the original person’s life in medical condition. In defense of the Catholic Church
Most people argue that human cloning is not morally and ethically acceptable due to both religious concerns and long-term health problems. The notion of cloning organisms has always been troublesome because of unpredictable consequences. “Cloning represents a very clear, powerful, and immediate example in which we are in danger of turning procreation into manufacture” (C...
“ Clone the sick individual, not for reproduction but for therapy.” This is a quote from the article, “ Fighting for the Right to Clone” written by Pamela Weintraub. The technology is here being able to save the lives of those who are in critical condition and with therapeutic cloning it can be done, by which a person 's cells is clone which is then grown to use their stem cells to heal themselves. There is also reproductive cloning which is being done to clone animals and studies are showing if scientists should move on to humans, However there are many people who are against this and think that it shouldn 't be done. This new technology will be easier to save individuals. Why it 's possible that children can be born without any genetic diseases
Combine both animal and plant endangerment numbers, there are 23,000 animals and plants that are on the endangered list. Animal cloning will save endangered animals this should happen, soon when animals do become cloned, the 23,000 animal count, will fall! Within the next few paragraphs you will see how pleasant animal cloning can be! The Passenger Pigeon shall live again! Yes the Passenger Pigeon, will and MUST live again! Soon, all we need is time, and that is one of the duds that we all have in this world. We are able to bring back needed animals so should we bring back the pigeons or should we let them live on the extinct list forever.
In recent years, many new breakthroughs in the areas of science and technology have been discovered. A lot of these discoveries have been beneficial to scientific community and to the people of the world. One of the newest breakthroughs is the ability to clone. Ever since Ian Wilmut and his co-workers completed the successful cloning of an adult sheep named Dolly, there has been an ongoing debate on whether it is right or wrong to continue the research of cloning (Burley). Recently, in February 2001, CNN conducted a poll that stated, 90% of American adults think that cloning humans is a bad idea (Robinson). Even though the majority of Americans are opposed to human cloning, there are many benefits that will come from the research of it. Advancements in the medical field and in the fertility process will arise from human cloning. These advancements make cloning very beneficial to the human society.
The British Organ Donor Society (BODY) supports cloning efforts to relieve the strain of the lack of organs that are available. Cloning technology is expected to aid the result in several medical breakthroughs. It is thought that there may one day be a cure for cancer. This is because the cloning process helps us understand the process of cell differentiation. Theories exist that if a cure for cancer can be found, then further testing may lead to a cure for heart attacks and cloning organs for organ transplantation. Scientists believe that they may be able to treat heart attack victims by cloning their healthy heart cells and injecting them into the areas of the heart that have been damaged. The cloning of organs would eliminate individuals waiting on a list for an organ transplant. Skin for burn victims, brain cells for the brain damaged, spinal cord cells for quadriplegics and paraplegics, hearts, lungs, livers, and kidneys could be produced. By combining this technology with human cloning technology it may be possible to produce needed tissue for suffering people that will be free of rejection by their immune systems.