In the article “The long-term impact of childhood abuse on internalizing disorders among older adults” Child abuse is a major life stressor that has important consequences for several indices of mental health in adults (Sachs-Ericsson, Verona, Joiner, & Preacher, 2006). The connection between the childhood abuse and adulthood consequences gives insight of just how severe effects it as on you later in life. In the survey a measurement of childhood abuse experiences including emotional, physical and sexual were recorded. The percipients were also analyzed for any low levels of self-esteem issues. After three years the same participants were re-interviewed. They were now diagnosed using the DSM-IV. The diagnoses included internalizing disorders like anxiety and mood disorders. Within the report it includes demographics of abused and non-abused within the older adults. Next, a series of hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed with the internalizing diag- nostic count as the dependent measure and the childhood abuse scale inserted into the model as a predictor, following the inclusion of the covariates. (Sachs-Ericsson, N., Gayman, M. D., Kendall-Tackett, K 2010). Gender, age, education and family-of-origin variables were included in the covariates. Among the sample at baseline (N¼1460), 7.2% of participants reported a history of any childhood abuse (physical, sexual, or emotional). Specifically, 2.6% reported being physically abused as a child, 2.4 percent reported sexual abuse, and 3.9% reported emotional abuse. (Sachs-Ericsson, N., Gayman, M. D., Kendall-Tackett, K 2010) A standardized interaction term including abuse and self-esteem was then entered in the model to determine if abuse had a greater effect on mental health at higher levels of self-esteem compared to the effects at lower levels of self-esteem. (Sachs-Ericsson, N., Gayman, M. D., Kendall-Tackett, K 2010). Lastly to make the conclusion if a DSM-IV disorder resulted in the response to childhood abuse the regression analyses were repeated with each specific DSM as the dependent measure. As a result those who did experience childhood abuse had a larger result of 1-year internalizing disorders at the follow up than those who did not experience childhood abuse. It was also shown that abuse did not correlate with self-esteem. The article titled “Gender Differences in Long-Term Health Consequences of Physical Abuse of Children”. The Predictor Variable: Physical Abuse in Childhood and the Dependent Variables: Health Problems in Adulthood. The sample consisted of ½ men and ½ women. The age, employment, education level and race were all controlled.
“Numerous studies have demonstrated that experiencing child abuse can lead to a range of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems” (Moylan, 2010). Precious’s internalization of depression and emotional numbing are all factors that contribute to her self-concept. Study shows that “childhood sexual abuse has been correlated with higher levels of depression, guilt, shame, self-blame, eating disorders, somatic concerns, anxiety, dissociative patterns, repression, denial, sexual problems, and relationship problems” (Hall, 2011). The implications of sexual abuse are often detrimental to the mental state of an adolescent. Psychiatric evaluations show that Precious suffers from symptoms of PTSD and Major Depression
In conclusion, it is clearly shown that domestic violence has a negative effect on the children who witness it. An expanding body of research suggests that childhood trauma and adverse experiences can lead to a variety of negative health outcomes (Anda & Chapman & Dube & Felitti & Giles & Williamson, 2001, p.1). In fact, childhood stressors such as witnessing domestic violence and other household dysfunctions are highly interrelated and have a graded relationship to numerous health and social problems (Anda & Chapman & Dube & Felitti & Giles & Williamson, 2001, p.2). It is obvious and clearly shown that the children who witness domestic abuse have serious long term mental effects.
Studies linking early childhood experiences to adult health outcomes are well represented in developmental literature.While research has solidified a significant relation between childhood maltreatment and poor adult health specifically, there has been a limited understanding of the mechanisms that explain this association. The article under review attempts to identify the pathways between childhood abuse and poor adult health and health care utilization, suggesting that risky health behaviors and mental health problems mediate this relation. Though the article offers unprecedented insights into the reasons why early childhood abuse appears to predict poor outcomes in later adult health, there are concerns over the methods and design of the study. The cross-sectional design inhibits longitudinal examination of participants, thus limiting assumptions that can be made about long term effects of childhood experiences. Homeless and institutionalized populations were not represented in the mediation analyses, though rates of childhood abuse, mental health problems, and risky health behaviors are high in such groups. The mediation analyses testing the association between childhood abuse, health indicators, and health outcomes controlled for demographic of participants only. However, age of participant is a confounding variable that may influence the rate at which participants utilize health care services. Regardless of such concerns, the article under review represents an innovative approach to understanding developmental health outcomes, and has allowed for well-informed policies that protect youth against poor health in adulthood.
Romero-Martinez A, Figueiredo B, Moya-Albiol L. Childhood history of abuse and child abuse potential: The role of parent's gender and timing of childhood abuse. Child Abuse & Neglect March 2014; 38(3).Print
The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between histories of abuse and rates of self-harm. In this study, the primary source of data collection will be through other SNHU students (qualitative research method). All study procedures will have to be approved by SNHU’s review board before continuing further. Prior to the start of the data collection, participants will be provided a consent form to fill out and sign. Each participant will also be informed that all information collected would remain confidential and that the results would be collected from the overall data. Data will come primarily from questionnaires the test subjects will fill out to the best of their knowledge.
According to the Public Health article, Montague and Pitman have said that about 5 percent of children were mentally/emotionally abused. The parents who physically punish their child can mentally change the way the child thinks. When these parents abuse the child, the child tends to have low self-esteem. For example, the child may not think highly of himself/herself. As a result this child may show he/she has no self-esteem by looking at the way he/she presents himse...
For example, the article written by Kress, Protivnak, and Sanlak (2008), suggest that 34 percent of females suffer from domestic violence at some point in their life. In these domestic violence situations 30-55 percent of female deaths are committed by intimate partners. According to Kress et. al., (2008), suggest that approximately 3.3 million children observed domestic violence situations inside of their home. According to the same authors numerous of these children have experienced long term effects. When individuals are suffering from domestic violence situations they could experience the following consequences mental health disorders, such as “depression, anxiety, and suicide” (Kress et. al., 2008 pg. 200). Kress et. al., (2008), suggest that individuals that suffer from domestic violence can suffer from other mental health disorders like “PTSD, depression symptoms, anxiety, psychosomatic complaints, substance abuse, and lowered self-esteem” (pg.
The long-term impact of abuse during childhood has then following outcomes in adults: disease risk, quality of life, and mortality. Effects of physical abuse can be acute and far-reaching. The immediate effect might be a bruise or a cut. The long-term effects maybe drastic like post-traumatic stress. Psychological effects of physical abuse should not be underestimated. There are both long and short term effects of abuse. Short-term effects ae typically obvious and treatable by the emergency room or other healthcare providers. Many injuries from physical abuse affect victims as they grow older. Long-term effects of abuse are arthritis, hypertension, heart disease, STD’S, and chronic pain. Most studies compared children of battered women to those from non-violent homes. Investigators reported internalizing behavior or emotional problems among battered relationships to nonbattered. Battered children demonstrate externalizing behavior. Murder and suicide are frequently associated with physical abuse. Depression is a primary psychological response to physical abuse. Abused women have 16 times a greater risk of abusing alcohol as well as 9 times the risk of abusing drugs. Some other psychological effects include: suicidal behavior, self-mutilation, panic disorder, and
In abusive relationships, women are at a much higher risk of being the victim then men (Mata-Pariente, Plazoala-Castano, & Ruiz-Perez 2006). A large number of women leave and return to their abusive relationships numerous times before they come to a realization of the victimization and break away (Cavanaugh, Gelles, & Loseke 2014). During the time of abuse, women may suffer psychological or physical consequences to their health. Many studies have shown that a majority of women who have been abused showed signs of anxiety, low self-esteem, and depression (Estrellado & Loh 2014). Although remaining in abusive relationships can affect the victims in a negative way, many women choose to stay because of several reasons. According to Mata-Pariente,
Ehrensaft and colleagues published the above referenced study in the Journal of Psychology of Violence in 2015. The study concentrated on examining how child abuse history influences parenting of the next generation. A lot of studies have already proven a link between childhood abuse and parenting, but have left several gaps such as examining generalized anxiety disorder as mediators of the association of abuse with later parenting or parenting as outcomes of a history of dual abuse. So to test the hypothesizes, that a history of childhood abuse prior to the age of 18 will predict lower mean levels of positive parenting practices and higher mean levels of maladaptive parenting practices, and that conduct disorder at age 15 and adulthood psychopathology at age 22 to mediate the influence of childhood abuse on parenting at age 33, Ehrensaft and colleagues did an in depth experiment where they examined abuse in families through questions and interviews.
A review of literature revealed that fifteen epidemiological studies since 1998 have indicated a higher prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts among adults with a history of adverse childhood experiences. The studies that established this correlation included “Childhood Adversities and Risk for Suicidal Ideation and Attempts” (Psychological Medicine, 2006) and “Exposure to Childhood Sexual and Physical Abuse and Adjustment in Early Adulthood” (Child Abuse & Neglect, 2008). In addition to this, a 2004 study (“Ischemic Heart Disease and Adverse Childhood Experiences”) published by Circulation determined that different types of adverse childhood experiences tend to be co-occurring. However, the researchers discovered that most of the previous research did not assess the effects of different forms independently. The first question that the researchers sought to answer developed into: Is there a relationship between specific adverse childhood experiences and ever attempting suicide among adults when multiple types of are considered simultaneously? The researchers hypothesized that removing the influence of co-exposure amongst physical abuse, sexual abuse, and exposure to domestic violence would reveal if less severe experiences were linked to
Victims of abuse typically suffer from Psychological Disorders, most commonly being Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. During and after the abusive period, these disorders can dramatically affect the abused individuals actions and way of thinking. Firsthand, I can say that it makes you feel like you hit an all-time low, your self-esteem disintegrates and you feel powerless. Be...
Experiencing emotional abuse as a child can lead to a decrease in self-esteem as an adolescent. Many parents do not know the difference betwee...
depression and anxiety) and externalizing (e.g. Aggression and social withdrawal) behaviours. Evans, Davies, DiLillo (2008) used a meta-analysis to observe the association between childhood exposure to domestic violence and children’s internalizing, externalizing and trauma symptoms. The 60 studies comprised in the meta-analysis produced a total of 61 samples where an effect size was estimated. By limiting studies included in their study to those published after 1990, the methodological excellence of the involved studies was enhanced (Evans, Davies &DiLillo, 2008). They found 58 effect sizes representing the relationship between exposure to domestic violence and internalizing problems, 53 effect sizes representing the relationship between exposure to domestic violence and externalizing problems and six effect sizes linking exposure to domestic violence and trauma symptoms. They found that the mean effect size differed for boys (d=.46) and girls (d=.23) for externalizing problems which shows that boys who have a past of exposure to domestic violence displayed considerably more externalizing symptoms than girls with a comparable history. Additional analysis inspected age, age by gender and recruitment setting variables discovered no significant effects, suggesting that gender is a higher predict of the effects of exposure to domestic violence than
Styron, Thomas. "Childhood Attachment and Abuse: Long-term Effects on Adult Attachment, Depression, and Conflict Resolution." Child Abuse and Neglect 21 1997): 1015-23