Salingaros not just point that the precondition of the connections between different nodes. He also explained that the link is existing in the three dimensions (Figure 10). Figure 10
Distribution of inter-connected elements across several scales, drawing by Nikos Salingaros.
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Compared with Alexander’s mathematical model, this model expanded the connections into different scales. We can analyse how the nodes connected across various levels via the perspective of time dimension and space dimension. From the aspect of space dimension, the complicated and multiple connections of nodes and modules on different levels construct the city system. The stronger the connection between
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We have seen the huge difference between artificial city and natural city. From the analysis of Brasilia with Alexander’s mathematical model. We know that an artificial city can be generated as a tree structure. The tree structure can clearly illustrate the flaws of an artificial city which is the disconnection and non-overlap of city’s elements. The example of Brasilia is a valuable lesson for us to learn the disadvantages of artificial cities. Brasilia proved that follow the dogmas of International Congresses of Modern Architecture will make a city lack of concern for humanity. We should avoid the thinking of zoning city’s functions. And also need to avoid the ignore of human …show more content…
And the semi-lattice structure explained the overlaps between different city elements. And those overlaps have to be the right overlaps as Alexander has emphasized in his theory. However, Alexander didn’t give the clear idea that how can we design a city with semi-lattice structure. But with the analysis of other people’s theories, it can help us understand how a city can develop into a natural city like Manhattan. In the case of Manhattan, we have concluded three methods to build a natural city. The first one is the mix of function, not only Salingaros but also Jane Jacob had pointed out this kind of thinking. They all think that a city should have multiple functions to satisfy all sorts of people. The second reason why Manhattan can be a natural city is because of the city’s development in a long time and different scales. Brasilia only took five years to be built, but Manhattan’s development took more than 300 years. And finally, Salingaros explained that the small size urban projects are also the essential reason. Those three reasons can be the useful references for us to learn and committed to developing a natural city rather than an artificial
In this book Kotkin talks about the evolution of the cities and urban life over thousands of years.
The role of the city is to be the center of economic, political, and cultural movement. Cities have a dense population compared to the area, so careful planning must go into its development. In the U.S. alone, 55% of the population lives in cities with more than 1,000,000 people, 78% in cities with more than 100,000, and less that 3% live in agricultural areas (Angotti, Tomas. 1993). Since it is so crucial for a city with countless numbers of inhabitants to work properly, there has to be certain building types to facilitate the lives of the people. One of the most important building types is the temple. Temples through out time usually work very similarly urbanistically in the sense that they are centers of religious practice and located in key areas. A temple is a symbol of the culture; it represents the people’s beliefs and how devoted they are to them. Temples have usually been elaborate and large scale; examples of this include the Temple of Kukulkán in Chichén Itzá, Mexico, and the Mother Church in Boston, Massachusetts. The Temple of Kukulkán and the Mother Church in Boston are strikingly similar in many ways, including architecturally and how they are used by the people of the city.
She also introducing new urban building standards. This this article she talks about, the idea some people have of tearing it down and rebuilding. She also talks about ideas people have about some parts of towns. In Boston, she talks about the area of North End, and the change that it was over gone. During her second visit to this area, she discovered that it had changed. She talked to other about it, although the statistic were higher than the city, the people still saw it as a slum. They felt that they needed to tear it down in order to build something better. This leads to the conclusion that the urban planners to do understand that the people of the city need. They have ideas that were developed years ago that they are still using. These ideas do not take account what the people want. The author also introducing new ideas of a perfect city to live in and what it would look like. The idea of a garden city was introduced. This city would be built around a park. Although the new ideas sounded great they could not be put into place today. The idea of a Garden City is something that sounds nice, but it is not possible in society today. Today a city should reflect economic status, and in order to achieve this the city should be big, and convey an image of power. A city that has aspects of nature in it would not convey that image. That upkeep of a city of that kind would also be difficult. The do understand the author's point of view. The planners often times do not take into account the desires of the people. The town that I grow up in want to become more urbanized. In order to do this, they are building a large shopping center. This shopping center is located in the canyon rim. This canyon rim has been important the people for many years. We come to the area to walk, what bass jumpers, and enjoy the scenic views. This new shopping center took away this area. Many of the people
City life is an entire different way of living than life outside of the city. Living in the heart of a major metropolitan city, I travel over 30 miles to work that some say is located in the middle of the Midwest cornfields. Life in the city moves at a faster pace. I find people often are walking quicker steps, seemingly to always be on a mission to get somewhere, usually in a hurry. Shopping at one of my city’s local big box food store, I find that most people are pleasant enough, but do not go out of their way to speak. They typically appear to be in their own world, in a hurry to purchase their good, so they can get to somewhere else. The store worker’s rarely make eye contact and sometimes tracking an employee down for assistance can be non-existent. On one recent visit, it took the store over 10 minutes to find an employee to assist me with acquiring an object in a locked cabinet.
Finally, this paper will explore the “end product” that exists today through the works of the various authors outlined in this course and explain how Los Angeles has survived many decades of evolution, breaking new grounds and serving as the catalyst for an urban metropolis.
In the first article Urban Acupuncture and the paradoxical logic of systems, Deyond points a concept “leverage points” provided by Donella Meadows. Leverage point is the place in the system where a small change could lead to a large shift in behavior. The idea of leverage point can be used not only in management, but also can be used in urban design. The author points out two leverage points: material stocks and flow, that is, a urban infrastructure built by stocks and flows will have big effect on system operation; and self-organization, that is organism and social system can change themselves by creating new structure and behavior. Deyond gives the example of Urban-think tank (U-TT), an architecture firm, using their projects vertical Gymnasiums (VGs) and Metro Cable to illustrate those two leverage points.
In addition to the growth of proportion of urban population, the increase of number of cities also reflects urbanization process from a different perspective. After reform cities began to regain attention from the government. In China administrative force has always been an assignable factor which significantly affected the fluctuation of number of cities. The formation of Chinese city hierarchy has its origin in the ancient time. For a very long period in Chinese history “cities were predominantly administrative centers and their political functions were more significant than their commercial functions in organizing urban social life.”
From 13% world urban population in twentieth century to 50% in 2010 shows the urban trend. This trend of urban growth is more rapid in the developing countries. There is a need to implement sustainable development and urban development to decrease human activities on environment. To achieve sustainable urban development there are four urban forms Neo-traditional development, Urban Containment, Eco-city and Compact city. These all urban form are comprised of seven design principles a) compactness b) density c) Mixed land use d) sustainable transportation e) passive solar design f) diversity g) green
Urban growth for several planners, proponents and organizations are not always portrayed as harmful, on the other hand, it’s depicted as a sign of economic vitality and not as an ecological threat. Positive implication of urban growth includes higher economic production, opportunities for the underemployed and unemployed, better life because of better opportunities and better services, and better lifestyles. Urban growth can extend better basic services (such as transportation, sewer, and water) in the direction of other specialist services (such as better educational facilities, health care facilities to mention a few) to more people. However, urban growth is uncontrolled and uncoordinated in many instances, hence in the long run results to sprawl. As a result, the upside impacts vanish inviting the downsides.
A resilient system, Tuna T. et al, 2013 based on Hudson (2010: 12), can be possibly defined as “an adaptive system that adjusts and responds in ways that remain functioning or threaten its operative activities, enduring on the current path of developmental or initiating the shift in to a new situation. Thus, as a system urban resilience has been a center for various scholars who provided a salient definition which vary in terms of the governing theory adopted i.e. either threshold or Panarchy/adaptive cycle. Hence, as a complex system cities are subject to lose their resilience through manmade and natural hazards. Alberti et al. (2003: 1170) provided a definition to Urban Resilience stating that it is the degree to which cities are able to tolerate alteration before reorganizing around a new set of structures and processes”. The tolerance attached to changes is referred as robustness while reorganization is considered as rapidity of response or adaptation cycle required to sustain previous functions. Thus, according to Benson H. and S. Garmestani (2011) a system’s resilience, in this case urban, is dependent upon the interactions between structure and dynamics at multiple scales which have a direct implication on the planning of urban
In Ernest W. Burgess’s “The Growth of the City: An Introduction to a Research Project,” (1925), the author delves deep into the processes that go into the construction of a modern city or urban environment. Burgess lists its following qualities: skyscrapers, the department store, the newspaper, shopping malls, etc. (p. 154). Burgess also includes social work as being part of a modern urban environment. This is supported by his construction model based on concentric circles that divided Chicago into five zones. The first was called a center loop meant for a business district. Secondly, there was an area for business and light manufacture. Third, there was a “zone for working men’s homes” (p. 156). The fourth is the residential area of high-class apartment buildings. The fifth is where suburban houses are located.
Asian peri-urbanisation has rather undermined this traditional idea. In this region, peri-urbanisation is typified by formal land development, often on a large scale. To some extent, this development has been a result of the growing networks
In this section, he explained that urbanization happened in two stages. First stage cities were confined and limited to the valleys and food plains, like the Nile, the Fertile Crescent, the Indus and Hwang Ho. The second stage is the urban dominance, where cities are in full expansion, performance and influence. He concluded that population growth and technical improvement are factors of this change.
Many villagers and small town dwellers want a living in big cities. With some expectations, they make a movement from villages to big cities. This migration from rural areas to big cities is called urbanization.
We all know the urbanization rate is an index to value the development of a country. However, though urbanization provides great convenience to some individuals, it also brings about negative effects. Problems such as pollution, overcrowded and the high unemployment appear during the process of urbanization and they are hard to cope with. In face of the sequence of problems, a new way of development ----sustainable development was put forward. Just like its literal meaning, the word sustainability has something to do with continuity. It was used since 1980s and first appeared in Britain law in 1993. Sustainable development can help solve parts of the problem caused by urbanization, including environmental damage, overuse of resources, and natural disasters.