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The history of computers
The evolution of computer technology
The history of computers
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There is one way to define a PC: a general purpose information processing device. "Who invented the computer?" is not a question with a simple answer. The real answer is that many inventors contributed to the history of computers and that a computer is a complex piece of machinery made up of many parts, each of which can be considered a separate invention." (The History of Computers- Mary Bellis) In simpler terms for those whose expertise are lacking in the technical world; a PC can take information from a keyboard, floppy disk, or modem and process it. A computer takes in data, works with the data, and puts out information; also known as input, processing, and output. Every functional computer is made of hardware and software.
Hardware features Software features
- input devices: keyboard and mouse
- CPU and memory
- storage devices: hard drives
- output devices: printers and monitors - system software
- programs (applications)
"We have lots of special-purpose processors in our lives. An MP3 player is a specialized computer for processing MP3 files. It can't do anything else. GPS is a specialized
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computer for handling GPS signals. It can't do anything else. A Game Boy is a specialized computer for handling games, but it can't do anything else. A PC can do it all because it is general-purpose." (How PC's Work- Jeff Tyson).
In 1985 the battle between Macintosh Inc. and Microsoft Corp. began. This may very well be the longest running feud known to the digital age. Apple was on the verge of collapsing, until Steve Jobs came to the rescue and began to prove to the technological world that Apple computers are back and better than ever. Jobs soon exposed the IMac, which is why and how Apple is at the point that it's at to this very day. Macintosh and PC hardware systems are no longer as diverse as they once were said to be. Now, when buying a computer, the distinct and significant differences that both types have aren't as critical in the decision process.
What a person needs to regard is how the potential computer works for them. Buying a computer is about what an individual desires and requires it to do. Macintosh is well-known for it's user-friendly operating system, outstanding multimedia programs, and overall simplicity. Windows PCs are well-known for their wide application base, variety of hardware, and some would argue that PCs have never been at the bottom of the totempole, like their competitor.
Computers have become more common products sold by many stores nowadays, instead of when they were first introduced as a specialty item. Computers continually change and progress further as we move further into the technological age. Currently when one goes to a retailer to buy a computer, there are many brands of computers being sold. However in reality, there are two different types of computers actually being sold. One type is a personal computer, or PC, that is typically used for personal home use. The other type is an Apple Macintosh, or MAC, which has become rather popular among students for college or school use. Computers reveal to be a rather interesting product one needs to research to better understand the different retailer
All might think that a PC is awesome, but is not called Windows for nothing. When they say Windows they mean Windows. Macintosh has been known for it’s simplicity. Windows users say Mac has no games. I say to them there are games, but if you want to “play games” get a game system. Macs give a new vision in the computer industry.
In 500 B.C. the abacus was first used by the Babylonians as an aid to simple arithmetic. In 1623 Wihelm Schickard (1592 - 1635) invented a "Calculating Clock". This mechanical machine could add and subtract up to 6 digit numbers, and warned of an overflow by ringing a bell. J. H. Mueller comes up with the idea of the "difference engine", in 1786. This calculator could tabulate values of a polynomial. Muellers attempt to raise funds fails and the project was forgotten. Scheutz and his son Edward produced a 3rd order difference engine with a printer in 1843 and their government agreed to fund their next project.
Windows based computers are cheaper, and more easily upgradeable than Macintosh systems. The reason for this being that Apple has exclusive rights to the hardware made specifically for their computers. Windows based system hardware is produced by literally thousands of manufacturers. This, of course, means competition, which in turn lowers prices. Macintosh systems are sold (primarily) as a whole system, meaning that the consumer ends up with what Apple has decided should be included in the system. Windows systems, however, can be built to the consumers needs, or by the consumer themselves. They could select which component would be best for them for the price they would pay for it. Most importantly, with a Windows based system consumers could select what components they wish to have based on what they might pay for them.
The debate between whether to buy Macintosh or buy a PC has been ongoing since Microsoft first introduced Microsoft Windows in November 1984. Apple Macintosh had developed its first personal computer, mouse and graphical user interface (GUI) in January of 1984. The debate has grown and has been the subject of many articles and even is the main high light of various websites. This frequently heated debate has even been compared to the Pepsi vs. Coke debate (Derene, 2009). While the rhetoric has continued the differences between these products has actually lessened, making it possible for some applications to be shared. Even the mechanics of the machines has become similar. Both use Intel processors, and both obtain many of their parts from the same supply companies. The operating systems of Windows Vista and Mac OSX Leopard are very similar when comparing multimedia, Internet and applications (Derene, 2009).
Let’s take a trip back in time and review the evolution of a computer company. It’s not IBM or Microsoft. This company is Apple Computers, Incorporated. In the year 1976, before most people even thought about buying a computer for their homes. Back then the computer community was only a few nerds building simple computers from hobby kits. When Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs sold a van and two programmable calculators for thirteen hundred dollars and started Apple Computers, Inc., in Jobs garage, the reach for success seemed far.
From 1980 to 1996, Apple’s competitive range in the PC industry was rocky. Although Apples products were unique and well built, they were overpriced compared to competing products from IBM and others. As competitor prices dropped, Apple prices stayed the same and the company saw a decline in sales as customers opted to purchase from its competitors. John Sculley, former CEO of Apple, took many steps to improve the company’s competitive advantage. One of those steps was to compete with price by producing a low-cost computers that appealed to a mass-market. The second step was to form an alliance with rivals IBM and Novel in order to create new operating systems and applications...
Thousands of years ago calculations were done using people’s fingers and pebbles that were found just lying around. Technology has transformed so much that today the most complicated computations are done within seconds. Human dependency on computers is increasing everyday. Just think how hard it would be to live a week without a computer. We owe the advancements of computers and other such electronic devices to the intelligence of men of the past.
To this point, the Apple Macintosh had a very different operating system than the dominating Microsoft DOS: its GUI. It allowed users to be able to click on things they wanted to open instead of typing in commands. Of the GUI, Gates said “to create a new standard, it takes something that’s not just a little bit different; it takes something that’s really new and really captures people’s imagination—and the Macintosh, of all the machines I’ve ever seen, is the only one that meets that standard” (Watson 159). Of course, after recognizing that Apple’s OS was more user-friendly and appealing than Microsoft’s DOS, Gates’ created Microsoft Windows, which also employed the GUI system. Apple sued Microsoft for copying their idea, which caused Gates to have to license the right to have Windows look like the Mac OS. Windows did not catch on right away, probably because most software programs were still being written to work with MS-DOS or the Macintosh. It took several versions for Windows to catch on. In spite of Windows’ apparent failure, Gates became a billionaire in 1986, when he was 31 years old. In 1987, Microsoft became “the number one seller of computer software” (Sherman 31). It wasn’t until 1990, when Windows 3.0 was launched, and Microsoft spent $10 million on advertisements, that Microsoft finally saw its ultimate success with its operating system (Sherman
As far as computers in the future, I feel that they are going to play a major role. They will be in everyday life, in everything we do. There will be many areas affected by the wide use of computers. Areas such as: home, work, schools, automobiles, electronics, and humans. Although these areas are already affected, they will be even more as we move into the future.
A computer is a combination of several parts. These parts are Random Access Memory (RAM), a Central Processing
the actions of the analytical engine were to be done through the use of punched
Computer technology not only has solved problems but also has created some, including a certain amount of culture shock as individuals attempt to deal with the new technology. A major role of computer science has been to alleviate such problems, mainly by making computer systems cheaper, faster, more reliable, easier to use.
Since the time when man first learned to express how they felt in written form, by drawing or writing, we have tried to communicate with other people. First, it was the prehistoric man with their conceptual cave drawings showing what animals to hunt, how to hunt them, and how to cook them. Soon that form took to hieroglyphics, in which the Egyptians would tell stories about battles they had won and about new pharaohs that had been born. This picture form soon turned in to words in which the Romans would communicate with one another. So it went, each generation progressed more and more, until it was the 20th century.
The late 20th century has successfully witnessed the boom of sophisticated technology, which gave birth to a wide range of technological outcomes, including computer technology. Computer technology, that is a skill to manage information, communicate and a kind of entertainment media, has become an important part in modern life at work, in recreation and social networking. Whether computer technology is better or not is a complicated issue. There are different arguments that need to be examined. Most people support that computer technology is better for individual lifestyles. It improves quality of working and study, provides a wide range of entertainment and is a wonderful tool of communication. On the other hand, others believe that computer