COMPREHENSIVE STUDY ON ROAD ROUGHNESS
Road roughness is the deviation of the pavement surface from a true planar surface with characteristic dimension that affect vehicle dynamics, ride quality, dynamic load and drainage , for example longitudinal profile, transverse profile, and cross slope(ASTM E867). By causing vehicle vibrations, roughness has a direct influence on vehicle wear, ride comfort, and safety. The relationship between vehicle operating cost and road roughness are well established through several studies conducted in India and abroad. Roughness measurements are an important factor in making decisions towards spending limited budgets for maintenance and improvements. Due to this, specifications for roughness have been adopted for various highway engineering agencies (Sayers et al, 1986). The parameters of longitudinal and horizontal variation of roughness are wave irregularities, wavelength, amplitude, frequency, speed (vehicle characteristics, tyres, seats suspension, body mount, weight, etc) and perception (passenger sensibilities to acceleration, speed, resonance and ...
The western style 2013 Australian feature film Mystery Road centres around indigenous detective Jay Swan as he investigates the murder of indigenous teenager Julie Mason. Swan’s continued struggles to convince the rest of the local police – who all happen to be white males – to help him to solve the case lead him to find a drug ring. Sen represents the idea that indigenous people do not receive justice through the construction of Jay Swan and the unjust way the rest of the Indigenous community are treated by the white community and predominately white police force, encouraging my empathetic response. Sen also explores the police as corrupt and apathetic. In recent years, all over the world, but particularly in Australia in the 1980’s onwards,
Stories and poems are very different in many ways. Poems are often shorter than stories and have rhyme and meter. Stories do not have rhyme and meter and are usually much longer in length. Nevertheless a poem and a story can have many similarities. “Cherrylog Road” by James Dickey is a poem about a taboo relationship between two teenagers, while “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” by Gabriel García Márquez is about an “angel” that has washed up on the shore of this small town. Both “Cherrylog Road” and “A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings” have somewhat twisted theological parallels to the Bible.
Tomson Highway is a playwright of Dry Lips Oughta Move to Kaspukasing. The play is based on the real life of Highway as he was born as a full-blood Cree, lived in a Native community that takes place in Wasaychigan Hill, and registered as a member of the Barren Lands First Nation (“Biography”). Native people have their own culture and beliefs; unique language and mythology. Most of his plays use Cree and Ojib language and show the issue of the women power in the community. As the period changes, the Canadian government tries to implement a new system to ensure that native people can cope and adapt with the world that keeps changing. The government tries to assimilate Christianity and Western culture by forcing the kids to go to the residential schools. They are not allowed to speak their own language, Cree, and stay with their parents so that they have less time spend on having a normal family life. As one of the ways to preserve Native cultures and beliefs, Highway uses the play as a medium to express their hardship in facing social challenges by the government. Tomson Highway explain the uniqueness of Cree language, the value of women in Native community and how the government’s strategy on modernizing Native people leads to the destruction of Native cultures.
Engineers did not stop there, though. Permeable asphalt that allows for a little expansion incorporates chemistry and makes roadways stronger and less likely to create potholes or breaks in the road. Even the creation of Botts’ painted road markers had to take into account not only the chemistry of the paint, but also some earth science techniques. He decided elevating the road markers to allow water to drain off of them would be the best option, so that the color does not fade. The “Botts’ Dots” are still the design used for road markers today.
In the 21st century, there are too many vehicles on the highway and most people drive a vehicle all around the world. According to Tencer, ‘’The global number of cars exceeded 1.015 billion in 2010, jumping from 980 million the year before’’ (2013). If a person is thinking about driving a vehicle, there are two options that can bring different experiences. SUVs are 4x4, strong, big, and more dangerous than sedans. While, sedans are fast, small, and the more popular choice. Driving a SUV and sedan are different in terms of safety, power and comfortable.
Many people who have seen asphalt pavement soon after its installation praise the pavement's smooth finish and depth of color. As the years pass, however, the pavement can begin to show signs of damage from the weather or traffic. If the pavement has been protected by sealcoating and received timely repairs, the evidence of aging may not become noticeable for 10 or 15 years. However, if repairs have been ignored and sealcoating has not been maintained, the pavement may appear antiquated within five or six years. Regardless of the pavement's chronological age and maintenance history, the time will come when the property owner decides that something needs to be done. At this point, the question of whether "something" means paving or sealcoating
Abstract From children to adults, we are all on the public roads at some point during the day. Three types of drivers on today’s roads are the Aggressive, the Cautious, and the Risk taker.
Rubber Tires play crucial role in enabling better performance for the vehicles. These are important parts in automobiles, trucks, buses, aircrafts, tractors, industrial machines, shopping carts, bicycles, motorbikes and baby carriages. There are many applications of rubber tires and over the years the demand for this product has been increasing since many new vehicles are launched every day and also there are many number of vehicles which are already in use. Tires are the only point of contact of the vehicles on the road and the intentions of the driver who is driving the vehicles. Tires are strong and have flexible rubber casing which is attached to the rim of the wheel. Tires help in providing the gripping surface in order to provide traction and acts a cushion of the wheels for any moving
Indian government is facing the problem of traffic congestion in its four metro cities namely Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai. Delhi is the worst affected. Reports say that on an average 1,200 vehicles are added to Delhi roads daily. In September 2010, Mail Today carried a report quoting CRRI scientists. It said, "Six years of Delhiites’, careers are spent in snarls as 7 million man hours and Rs. 100 crore in productivity are lost to gridlocks, making the capital the worst congested city in India. “What has the ministry worried is that though the Master Plan projection for public transport usage is an impressive 80 per cent by 2020, it has actually slipped to under 40 per cent at current rates. For the purpose of managing the traffic and to meet the goals of the Master Plan, the government of Delhi has shortlisted your company in providing advice to conquer this problem.
I want to declare my independence from terrible motorists on the road. People who cut me off, drive extremely slow in the fast lane, people that tailgate me, and people that do stupid things like texting and driving that harms themselves and even others. It is almost as though everyone on the road is trying to run into you. The thing that makes me the angriest is when I am going exactly the speed limit, even a mile per hour or so over sometimes, but the guy behind me stays right on my bumper. Even though I am still on my permit and I do not have my real license yet, I am still affected by these issues.
Referring to PWD Malaysia’s Standard Specification for road works (2008), the coarse aggregates should have a loss by abrasion and impact in Los Angeles machine of not more than 25% when tested in accordance with ASTM C 131. Since porous asphalt is mostly used as a wearing course, it is vital for aggregate to resist against polishing. The polished stone value when tested in accordance with MS 30 shall be not less than 40 (PWD Malaysia, 2008).
Most of the road users are quite well aware of the general rules and safety measures while using roads but it is only the laxity on part of road users, which cause accidents and crashes. The main cause of accidents and crashes are due to human errors. We are elaborating some of the common behaviour of humans which causes in accident. There are many reason causes of road accidents which is speeding on road, fatigue, distraction, avoiding safety gears, and red light jumping.
The car dependency will tends to become relatively higher. In order to achieve sufficient access, people in Mernda have tendency to choose private car as their major transport to access the place. However, increasing private car use resulted in various environmental and social problems. For the environmental aspect, higher car dependency will increase the green house gas emissions as well as the toxic and harmful substances (STEG, 2013). It will contributes to global warming and other environmental problems such as smog and acid precipitation (STEG, 2013). With the limited capacity of the road network, higher car dependency will result in congestion (Jefferson, 1996 ). Therefore, the extension of road infrastructure was needed. However, in order to built a new road, the natural environment will be interrupted. In another word, it will ‘…cause distortion and fragmentation of natural areas’, and it will affect the natural habitat (STEG 2013, 27). Moreover, rare raw materials are used to produce cars and scarce energy are required to use cars (STEG, 2013). With the large demand for car, the problem of natural sources shortage will be further
Before taking the vehicle to the road, it is necessary for you to check the condition of vehicles. You should check out the petrol/diesel limit, bald tyres, glass wipers etc. Carefully.
It has been a long time that the approach was started around the world. However, we have looked at some of aspects of green roads on the basis of the sustainable development and worldwide accepted sustainable development, to define green road as a sustainable approach developed. The principles, implementing procedures, outputs of the green road projects are the important verifiable indicators.