A paradigm is a form of framework of general perspective, which helps and guides the study and treatment of psychopathology The paradigm helps the scientists and psychologists to shape up what they want to investigate, and diagnose in the area of abnormal mental health, understanding paradigms helps them explore subjective influences that may affect their work. And Psychopathology is the study of mental illness or mental distress and the manifestation of behaviours of mental illness or psychological impairment. kring,Johnson,Davison,neale (2010)
There are currently four paradigms of psychopathology, they are genetic, neuroscience, psychodynamic, cognitive behavioural and Diathesis–stress, The two main system presently in use by Psychologists and health professional in the UK and USA are the Diagnostic And Statistical Manual DSM-IV and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD 10).this helps the doctors and psychiatrists to communicate easily about problems, it guide them for the prognosis and as well as for treatment. American Psychiatric Association. (2003
The essay has chosen two paradigms of psychopathology, to compare, biological which include (genes& neuroscience, biomedical, Biochemistry) and psychodynamic which is also called (Freudian based theory)
The biological paradigm views abnormal behaviour as caused by biological factors. The biological factors associated with mental illness usually affect the brain in one way or other, for example a specific disorder that is caused by brain damage or malfunction is Alzheimer’s disease. When searching for causes of mental illness, people who consult the biological model look to the following causes of illness.
There are considered to be four causal factors of a...
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Wong, Agatha W. S.; Chi-yue Chiu; Mok, Jessica W. Y.; Wong, Josephine G. W. S.; Chen, Eric Y. H.. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, Sep2006, Vol. 45 Issue 3, p427-436,
The field of psychology is a discipline, originated from many branches of science. It has applications from within a complete scope of avenues, from psychotherapy to professional decision-making. The flexibility and versatility of this field reflects its importance and demands in-depth analysis. Psychology was a division of philosophy until it developed independent scientific disciplines. The history of psychology was a scholarly study of the mind and behavior that dates back to the beginning of civilization. There are important details from previous theory psychologist, research have contributed to behaviorism approaches and have contributed towards specific current behavioral practices. Contemporary behavior therapy began to emerge into distinct practical and core learning theories concerning the needs and knowledge engaging cultural and professional differences.
Bootzin, R., Loftus, E., Zajonc, R., Hall, E. (1983). Psychology Today: An Introduction. New York: Random House. Fifth Edition.
The psychoanalytic perspective grew out of subsequent psychoanalytic theories (1901, 1924, and 1940) following decades of interactions with clients with the use of an innovative procedure developed by Sigmund Freud that required lengthy verbal interactions with patients during which Freud probed deep into their lives. In a nutshell, the psychoanalytic perspective looked to explain personality, motivation, and psychological disorders by focussing on the influence of early childhood experiences, on unconscious motives and conflicts, and on the methods people use to cope with their sexual and aggressive urges. The Biological perspective on the other hand looks at the physiological bases of behaviour in humans and animals. It proposes that an organism’s functioning can be described in terms of the bodily structures and biochemical processes that cause behaviour. This paper attempts to examine the similarities and differences between the psychoanalytic perspective and the biological perspective with the key focus on the core assumptions and features of these perspectives as well as their individual strengths and weaknesses.
Personality disorders entails a class of mental disorders that are characterized by permanent maladaptive rhythm of behavior, cognition, and inner experience. The latter have been defined in many circumstances and are markedly deviated from social culture. These behaviors occurs at early age, they are rigid and also associated to distress or disability. However, the definition may alter in accordance to other factors. There are several criteria for overcoming personality disorders from American Psychiatric Association and World Health Organization. When the fifth edition, the DSM-5, was compiled, it was determined that there was no scientific basis for dividing the disorders, so the multi-axial system was done away with. Instead, the new non-axial diagnosis combines the former Axes 1, II and III and include separate notations for the type of information which would have previously fallen into Axes IV and V.
...e of the person. Also on the abnormalities in behaviour and this is informed by family members or friends. As well by GP, social worker, clinical assessment by a psychiatrist, clinical psychologist and other mental health professional. However, the Doctors are the ones need to make assessment on the foundation of identical list of externally evident symptoms, not on the improper of interior psychological processes.
Corey, G. (2013). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy (9th Edition). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole Publishing.
It is generally accepted within healthcare that to understand mental health we must adopt the biopsychosocial model. This model assumes that an interdependent relationship exists between biological, psychological and social factors which are involved in all aspects of mental health (Toates, 2010, p. 14). To be true to the model research must be holistic and not investigate the factors in isolation.
Insel, T. (2013), Mental disorders as brain disorders, TEDx talk at California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, 23 April.
There are multiple structures of that can be applied to the counselling process, ranging from the basic idea of a beginning, middle and end to a more structured approach as that proposed by Egan (1994). Although his initial structure offered three main components; Stage 1, exploring the situation, stage 2, identifying a new or desired scenario to strive for and stage 3, the action stage, in which methods of coping are devised of and implemented. Egan later devised a ten stage structure that still takes into account initial stages from the speakers perspective of identifying a problem and seeking help, within this structure stage 4 is the initial meeting of the counsellor and client and can be considered the beginning stage of the helping re...
Bio-Psychologists study the principles of biology as it relates to the comprehension of psychology in the field neuroscience that underlies ones emotions, ideology, and actions (Brittanica). Based upon the conduction of research, the relationship between the brain and ones behavior extends to the physiological process in one’s intellect. Scientists are cognizant that neurotransmitters function as a significant role in mood regulation and other aspects of psychological problems including depression and anxiety. A biological perspective are relevant to psychology in three techniques including: the comparative method, physiology, and the investigation of inheritance (Saul Mc. Leod).
The basis of this approach is that psychological factors play a major role in determining behaviour and shaping personality. Freud argued that personality is composed of three major systems the id, the ego, and the superego. The id (biological part of personality) is present at birth and consists of inherited instincts and all psychological energies. The id operates according to the pleasure principle, seeking to reduce tension, avoid pain and obtain pleasure. The ego (executive part of personality) is conscious part of the mind, the “real” us.
This essay will attempt to highlight and evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of the three main theories of counselling within the module covered this term. The three approaches in discussion are psychodynamics, cognitive behavioural and humanistic.
Barlow, D., Durand, V., & Stewart, S. (2009). Abnormal psychology an integrative apporach. (2nd ed.). United States of America: Wadsworth
Corey, G. (2011). Theory and practice of counseling and psychotherapy. (ninth ed., pp. 291-301). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.