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a research paper on evolution of technology
the origin of human behaviour
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The Paleolithic era is known as the time when early humans developed tools made out of stone, hence the name “ Old Stone Age”. This dates back to one of the times in prehistory and is regarded as the stage where the human developed. The early people of the Paleolithic era were hunters and gatherers, which meant they survived on either what they could kill or eating berries and nuts. Today, the contemporary human has since evolved to a more dominant species, are more technologically advanced, have written language, and no longer have to rely on killing animals to survive. Although many things have changed over the centuries, I believe that we still have some aspects that are similar to our ancestors. Some aspects that the prehistoric people have in common with the modern humans are tools and architecture, their culture, and their use of spoken language.
The early humans were primarily hunters and gatherers but we manage to find evidence of other activities such as using tools and building structures. Some examples of stone tools that were developed during their time were cleavers, chisels, grinders, hand axes, arrows and spearheads. I believe this is an aspect that we have in common with the early humans because they knew how to develop tools and be innovative like the modern human today. With the prehistoric human’s discovery of making fire through tools, another similar aspect comes into play, and that is in cooking. According to Henry M. Sayre, the early hominids “ cut their meat with flint tools and ate steaks and marrow. (Pg. 4)” This shows that the Paleolithic people did not eat raw food like most carnivores, but instead cooked the meat so it could taste better. As of date, the contemporary humans still put t...
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... a more dominant species or if we just learned from our past mistakes.
Works Cited
Bryant, Charles W. "How Did Language Evolve?" HowStuffWorks. HowStuffWorks.com, 25 Aug. 2010. Web. 10 Feb. 2014.
Hautala, Keith, and Benjamin Kandt. "UKNOW University of Kentucky News." UK Linguist Reconstructs Sounds of Prehistoric Language. University of Kentucky, 24 Oct. 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
Sancho-Velazquez, Angeles. "Beginnings of Culture." Cal State Fullerton. Langsdorf Hall, Fullerton, California. 28 Jan. 2014. Lecture.
Sayre, Henry M., and Henry M. Sayre. Discovering the Humanities: Culture, Continuity & Change. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
Yirka, Bob. "Linguist Study Finds Core Group of Words Has Survived for 15,000 Years." Linguist Study Finds Core Group of Words Has Survived for 15,000 Years. Phys.org, 7 May 2013. Web. 09 Feb. 2014.
The article The Strange Persistence of First Languages by Julie Sedivy was an intriguing and eye-opening piece of writing to read. The concepts she brought to life through her explicit writing revealed many things I had never heard of before. The further I read, the more I wanted to know and the deeper my interest became. As a monolingual, this article was insightful, captivating and ultimately provided me with a new perspective on language.
It is emphasized that there is little proof to be found in the archaeological record, but we can track hominin dependence on cooked foods, and thus fire, by evolutionary changes in the skeletons of human ancestors. Reasons for making the shift to cooked foods is unknown, but it is hypothesized that the taste of cooked foods was what first turned hominins onto the joys of cooking.
The prehistoric times stand evidence to the power of language as a tool for communication and growth. Language has proven to be an effective medium and factor surrounding the evolution of man. Language has played a big role in the development of individuals and societies. What is spoken and/or written, help in the initiation of imagination, expression of feelings, and conveyance of thoughts and ideas.
Hill, Jane H., P. J. Mistry, and Lyle Campbell. The Life of Language: Papers in Linguistics in Honor of William Bright. Berlin [etc.: Mouton De Gruyter, 1998. Print.
Although, archaeologists have heavily debated the definition of civilization, there are still some key elements that are general agreed upon. I will define civilizations, and reflect and compare on two such Old World civilizations.
The ancestral lines of Neanderthals and modern humans is split roughly about 800,000 years ago, making them our closest relatives in the hominid ancestry. Neanderthals inhabited Europe and parts of the Western Asia before going extinct around 30,000 years ago. Neanderthals made and used a range of tools, they were able to control fire, make and wore clothing, were very skilled hunters of large animals however also ate plant foods, they lived in shelters, and occasionally made symbolic or ornamental objects, which no previous hominid species, had ever practiced this representative and complex conduct. Over this essay we will be covering some elemental information on Neanderthals, their differences and similarities anatomically with modern humans, along with their differences in behavior, and finally giving some possible implications for the timing of the development of culture.
Prior to living in homes build to with stand the test of time, growing food their food source, and raising animals, humans were nomads who followed their food source around and were hunters and gathers. Although it took many years, from 8000B.C. to 3000B.C. for humans to go from hunters and gathers to a more common day life as we now know it, the result is referred to as the Neolithic Revolution the begins of human civilization. As the people of this time began to settle down and they began to both farm the land and domesticate animals for the better of the community. Along with the development of these communities as for the first time began to create social class among the many different roles they played in their community. Because the people of this time no longer roamed around some of the first signs of technology began to appear around this time as well.
Paleolithic age presents the era when key human adaptations evolved in response to a variety of environmental changes experienced at the time. This period of human evolution coincided with change within the surrounding of man. Such included cooling, drying and unpredictable climatic patterns over the time. This increased amount of variability in environmental conditions raised the level of uncertainty and instability in their respective terms of survival, necessitated the man to adopt new habits to increase adaptability to the new and changing surroundings. The evolved structures and behaviors led to specialization to enable coping with changing and unpredictable conditions.
The Paleolithic Age, Greek for "Old Stone", is the era of the emergence of modern man. During this age, man was a hunter-gatherer species. Due to the plentiful sources of animals and plants, man could simply follow the herds and their migratory patterns. With no proprietary knowledge, each nomadic band was egalitarian as there was no distinction for a social ladder.
Author Yuval Noah Harari has a unique way of reviewing the past fourteen billion years in his monograph Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind. His intention for writing this book is mainly to bring up the conversation of the human condition and how it has affected the course of history. In this case, the human condition coincides with the inevitable by-products of human existence. These include life, death, and all the emotional experiences in between. Harari is trying to determine how and why the events that have occurred throughout the lives of Homo Sapiens have molded our social structures, the natural environment we inhabit, and our values and beliefs into what they are today.
Bickerton first presented his Language Bioprogram Hypothesis in his 1981 book, Roots of Language. He later revisited this hypothesis and published a more succinct version along with comments and critiques from several individuals in 1984 in The Behavioral and Brain Sciences journal.
Since the first sign of the human civilization until now, human had invented many great inventions to support their daily lives. The invention of the human become more modern and complex day by day, at the time period before Common Era, human used cave as houses, and manipulated rocks to be their weapons to hunt, thus, at that time, rock was one of the very important thing to the human civilization. Human, then, knew how to create fire and use it to cook food. As time moved on, human finally reach the agricultural era, which they found out how to grow crop and harvest them for food or trading purpose. Nearest to the present, the world experienced the industrial era, which brings the living conditions of the civilization to a whole
Sayre, Henry M., Discovering the Humanities: Culture, Continuity & Change. Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 2010. Print.
“SCIENCE HAS BOMBS, and humanities have Britney Spears” (Kershner as cited in Purvis, 2004). This amusing comment, made during a professorial debate concerning which discipline was superior, epitomises the divide that exists between the humanities and sciences. Although the debate has its roots in the Industrial Revolution, in more recent times it was signalled by Snow’s (1959; 1964) discussion outlining the dysfunctional gulf that exists between the cultures. Essentially Snow was critical of the breakdown of communication and understanding between the worlds of the humanities and sciences and blamed this for many of society’s unresolved problems. He was particularly critical of the literary intellectuals: “This loss is leading us to interpret the past wrongly, to misjudge the present, and to deny our hopes of the future. It is making it difficult or impossible for us to take good action.” (Snow, 1964, p.60) In the years that followed there has been considerable discussion and debate about the issue and consequent discussions about the value of the sciences and humanities for society’s wellbeing. For example, Leavis (Leavis & Yudkin, 1963) criticised the notion of a chasm and, in a vitriolic manner, suggested that Snow was simply a public relations ‘stooge’ for the sciences. The argument was deepened by a pseudoscientific hoax paper published in a post-modern cultural studies journal by Sokal (1996a, 1996b), a mathematical physicist, who demonstrated that there was an acceptance of a lack of rigour in published humanities work. There was a furore over this hoax and counter arguments and rebuttals engaged many academics in a bitter dispute, but unsurprisingly an examination of this literature reveals that the protagonists talked ...
The Political, social and cultural impacts on the English language during its Old English phase.