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Essay on criminological theories
Essay on criminological theories
Essay on criminological theories
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The following paper is a comparative analysis of the theories and methods used by the authors of “Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Casual Relationships between Tattoos and Life-Course-Offending among males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development” (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 2014) and “Nonmainstream Body Modification: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting” (Myers 1992). Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington’s article investigates the correlation between tattoos and deviant behavior. In addition, the researches ultimately want to discover if the relationship between tattoos and crime may in fact be casual, or are just another symptom of developmental risk factors and personality traits (Jennings, Hahn, Farrington 79). Myers article is about body modification such as tattoos, piercings, branding, burning, and cutting. Myers discovers and examines the rationales and motivations behind individual’s decisions for receiving body modification (173). There are many similarities and differences between the research methods and theories used in the following two studies. Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington (2014) collected and relied on the data from a prospective longitudinal study of 411 males that all lived in an inner-city area in South London. This former longitudinal study derived from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development in 1961 where the participants were aged 8-9 at the time. Most of the boys were white and of British origin who came from a working class family. An example of this is when the authors state that “in 94% of the cases, the head of the household had a working-class occupation, and that 87% of the boys were white and of British origin” (2014:79). Myer’s (1992) research methods on the other hand,... ... middle of paper ... ...ugh Jennings, Hahn, and Farrington focus more on how tattoos perceive the criminal, I believe that Myers study is a greater indicator of the theory. Meyer’s study really uncovers the motivations, meanings, and rationale on why people receive body modification treatments. All in all, both studies definitely shared some key similarities and differences and did an excellent job conducting research on the topic. Works Cited Jennings, Wesley, Hahn Bryanna, Farrington, David. 2014. “Inked into Crime? An Examination of the Casual Relationship between Tattoos and Life-Course Offending among Males from the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.” Journal of Criminal Justice. 42(1): 77-84. Myers, James. 1992. “Nonmainstream Body Modification: Genital Piercing, Branding, Burning, and Cutting.” Boundaries: Readings in Deviance, Crime and Criminal Justice. 1(1): 173-191.
...siderably. From a mark of criminality to an embraced art form, the body modification has represented various expressions of the bearer’s inner self. However, despite the efforts to normalize tattoos in the society, the social stigma of deviance perceived by the larger society still remains deeply etched in the art. It is apparent that the intended message a bearer wants to communicate through a tattoo may not be perceived correctly by others. These motivations behind tattoos are filtered through cultural and historical lenses that often result in unintended perceptions of tattooed bodies. In addition, the attempts of using tattoos to change social conditions often reinforce the very conditions they seek to counter. Though these stigmas and misinterpretations see no sign of fading, tattooing will remain as a powerful vehicle of self-expression and social commentary.
Laub and Sampson (2003) discuss the prominent theories of crime over the life course with an emphasis on the work of Terrie Moffitt. Moffitt (1993) attempted to explain life course persistence and some discontinuity. According to Moffitt (1993), there are two distinct categories of offenders concealed by early offending: adolescent-limited offenders and life-course persistent offenders. In this taxonomy, adolescent-limited offenders are those who offend temporarily and discontinue use while life-course persistent offenders are those who offend continuously, with an earlier beginning in delinquency (Moffitt 1993). Adolescent limited offenders only participate in antisocial behavior during adolescence while life-course persistent offenders participate in anti-social behavior throughout the life course beginning in early childhood and into adulthood (Moffitt 1993). Moffitt’s theory (1993) all...
Society has changed in many ways over the years; at one point tattoos were considered unprofessional and disgusting to most people, but today, they are quite common amongst young adults and people who enjoy art. Parents and people of many older generations, sometimes struggle to understand why this new interest in tattoos has been able to consume American culture so quickly. Prior to this boom of interest in tattoos, there were many horror stories that surrounded the subject due to unsanitary tools used and possible diseases a person could catch if a mistake was made. Lois Desocio is one of those adults who has struggled to understand tattoos, especially since her son Alec began to fill his body with them. As Alec’s collection of body art continues
Dorkenoo, Efua and Scilla Elworthy. “Female Genital Mutilation: Proposals for Change”. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data. (1992): 3-36.
Chapter one focuses on white juvenile delinquency. Pamela Preston begins by acknowledging the relevancy of school shootings in the 1990’s, and presents many recent similar incidents involving white male youths as shooters within schools. This phenomenon is the exception to the otherwise decrease in overall self-reported white juvenile delinquency. While self-reported delinquency has dropped, White juvenile arrests have increased. A proposed reason for this is the possible prejudicial response to these particular shootings. Preston then compares juvenile crime arrests occurring within rural, suburban, and urban areas followed by a breakdown of substance abuse statistics. Causes of White delinquency are then explored. As a result, Preston cites the Differential Association Model, Control Theory, and Social Learning Theory; inferring that having a positive attitude toward school, being involved in conventional activities, having involved parents, and having been arrested all contribute to less of a tendency
Do you ever wonder why you never see tattoos and piercings in the medical or federal working fields? It’s because some people believe that a person with tattoos and/or piercings is linked to people with bad reputations, such as bikers, sailors, criminals, and gang members, but that is false. Piercings and tattoos have been popular for quite a long time now, but still get looked down upon and can even affect your daily life.
The disciplines of the fields of criminal justice have always been about the real and imagined differences between criminals and non-criminals. Theoretical explanations of crime and crime control, regardless of the perspective, have sought to make sense out of different social factors such as gender, racial and ethnic background, and social class. In the process of sorting out these differences, virtually every theoretical framework has addressed them, and many are debating whether or not these variables matter. It is clear, that after the criminal acts, a clear pattern can be identified to show the how the juvenile ended up on this path (Deling,
The fact that poverty is self-perpetuating is a documented fact. Criminal and delinquent activity may also be an accepted part of the total picture for deprived kids. It's h...
Maguire, M., Morgan, R., and Reiner, R. (2012) The Oxford Handbook of Criminology. 5th ed. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.
Since most people do not experience body modifications like piercing with stainless steel, wood, or bone rings in the face, ears, genitals, or other places. They also have not experienced branding or burning or scarification. Since the a majority of people have not experience extreme body modifications, they assume that there is something wrong with those that do take part in these body modifications and usually think the worst of them. Martin found that previous research that showed that several stereotypes about people with tattoos are unsuccessful in school, they come from broken homes, had an unhappy childhood. They also rarely attend church, they make poor decisions in life. They also think that the people that get body modifications while intoxicated and are easy to give in to peer
Prior to conducting our surveys we thought that tattoos would have an effect. With the findings from our survey we found that most of our participants did not feel that tattoos in the workplace were a problem. Applying our research to sociology, we found Charles Cooley’s looking-glass self was a fine example for why employers may want their employees to cover up their tattoos. As researchers we have recognized the flaws in our survey so we can conduct a better one. Our results showed that tattoos in the workplace were not a big problem like we had originally
His work has also made it possible for the non-conformists to know that their attitude towards tattoos is shallow and that in the near future, they are likely to also have tattoos because the rebelliousness is growing. The manner in which people have transformed and embraced the tattoo culture is also so strong that any negative comment against tattoos will be offensive to most people in the society. Brooks work has therefore achieved its aim of enabling people to understand that they have conformed to the tattooing culture.
Today, tattooing is the sixth-fastest-growing retail business in the United States, and the single fastest growing demographic group seeking a tattoo is middle-class suburban women (Cartoon, 2016). To put it plainly, the specialty of tattooing no more just engages insubordinate "social freaks." Rather, you are general as prone to discover a Fortune 500 executive, Doctor, Governor and Attorney are wearing a tattoo as a punk rocker.
In the 1950’s, Cohen (1955) acquired Merton’s theory of crime further by concentrating on gang delinquency within the working class demographic. Cohen used the dominant knowledge of the anomie theory but narrowed its emphasis on this precise subculture and particularized it in order to clarify the features of gang delinquency. Comparable to Merton and Cohen, Cloward and Ohlin (1960) tried to clarify why certain individuals or groups are more likely to involve in criminal activities. They contended that people are strained when they fail to attain financial achievement through legitimate means. Cloward and Ohlin remained in...
...why youth engage in criminal activity Research suggests delinquent peers are a proximate cause than family/parental; family/parental may only be a slight cause of involvement in crime. Some research suggests that criminal propensities can be inherited through genes. Unfortunately, the media portrayals of crime aren’t a true representative of the actual crime trends, or accurately reflecting the level of crime perpetrated by youth. There are many different variables that could cause youth to engage in criminal activity, some of these major variables have been discussed throughout this essay.