Escherichia coli 0157:H7
Encounter and history:
Escherichia coli are gram negative, rod shaped bacteria that are often used in laboratory studies and are usually harmless, residing in the human digestive tract as part of the normal flora. E. coli 0157:H7 is a pathogenic strain of E. coli that was first identified as a cause of disease in the United States in 1982, during an investigation into an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness. The organism is also called enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) because it causes abdominal pain with diarrhea that may contain blood. It lives in the intestines of healthy cattle and can contaminate meat during slaughter. It is believed that the widespread use of antibiotics by American farmers has promoted the horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes and pathogenicity islands that has led to the creation of new pathogenic strains such as E. coli 0157:H7. The verotoxins that cause the disease are also called shiga toxins because they were acquired from Shigella strains. The illness predominantly occurs in the U.S., Canada, Japan and other industrialized nations of Europe. The average incidence in most countries ranges from 1-30 per 100,000 and the number of confirmed cases is increasing. In the U.S, about 73,000 people are infected anually, with an average of 61 deaths per year.
Entry, Spread and Multiplication:
After food contaminated with E. coli 0157:H7 is ingested, it travels through the digestive system and attaches to the mucosal epithelial cells of the large intestine and forms a pedestal, which leads to destruction of the microvili. The bacteria will then multipy and produce toxins, which, in addition to diarrhea cause vomiting in 50% of cases and fever in 30%. The av...
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...ays to prevent contamination of EHEC during the growth, slaughter, proccesing of beef. A vaccine for cattle is not practical because the bacteria do not cause illness in cattle and therefore do not stimulate their immune response. It is recommended that physicians have any patient with bloody diarrhea tested for EHEC. There are a variety of ways to detect it in the laboratory. It is possible to screen for EHEC by inoculating stool specimens onto MacConkey medium containing sorbitol instead of lactose. PCR tests for verotoxin are also available.
References:
http://www.who.int/inf-fs/en/fact125.html
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/escherichiacoli_g.htm
http://www.cps.ca/english/statements/ID/id95-03.htm
http://www.enceph.com/feature_archive/gastro/v25n4p205.html
http://microbes.historique.net/ecoli.html
http://www.i-sis.org.uk/ecoli.php
ABSTRACT: Water samples from local ponds and lakes and snow runoff were collected and tested for coliform as well as Escherichia coli. Humans as well as animals come into contact with these areas, some are used for recreational activities such as swimming and some are a source of drinking water for both animals and humans The main goal of this experiment was to see which lakes, snow run off and ponds tested positive for coliform or Escherichia coli and to come up with some reasoning as to why. It was found that the more remote pond with less contact contained the most Escherichia coli. However, another lake that many swim in and use as their drinking water indeed tested positive for a small amount of Escherichia coli. The two samples from the snow showed negative results for both coliform and Escherichia coli and the two more public ponds that aren’t as commonly used as a source of human drinking water but animal drinking water tested in the higher range for coliforms but in the little to no Escherichia coli range. It was concluded that the remote pond should be avoided as it’s not a safe source of drinking water for humans or animals. Other than that, the the other ponds are likely to be safe from Escherichia coli, but coliforms are a risk factor.
Many say that history repeats itself, and throughout history, the spread of food-borne diseases has been constantly threatening humans. Salmonella, a disease which attacks numerous people a year, has returned, infected, and put people under panic of what they are eating. According to Foodborne Diseases, it is stated that “Salmonella comprises a large and diverse group of Gram-negative rods. Salmonellae are ubiquitous and have been recovered from some insects and nearly all vertebrate species, especially humans, livestock, and companion animals” (Gray and Fedorka-Cray 55). Because of the flexibility and the ability to reproduce rapidly, this infamous disease still remains as one of the most common threats in our society as well as an unconquerable problem that humans face these days.
However, health concerned organizations want to ban the use of these products due to the increasing fears that they can cause harm to the consumers. For over 50 years, antibiotics have been added to the food of animals such as poultry, cattle and pigs. The main purpose for doing so is to lower the risk of disease in animals. Farm animals are housed together in overcrowded areas, which are very dirty. The hygiene level can get to such a poor state that they are often in contact with their own excreta as well as excreta of the other animals they are housed with and because of tight single air space they share, the likelihood of catching diseases from one another is further increased and very often a whole heard can be infected at one time.
In 1995, Ballard and Coates reported that “neither the lyrical content nor the music type affected suicidal ideation, anxiety, or self-esteem” (Journal Of Humanistic Counseling, Education & Development 1) Music itself has been used as a form of therapy in of residential and adult day care centers it’s been reported that music had been the cause of elevated or depressed moods. This suggests that music is an effective technique in therapeutic interventions and should be incorporated more thoroughly in medical and psychiatric practices. Experimental studies conducted by Prickett in 1988 have documented the effects of music on individuals as they interact with the environment. Participants of the study were reported to have shown increases in their expression of feelings, awareness, and socialization. Furthermore, music may also be able to help individuals cope with pain and anxiety. In other studies the use of music made traditional psychotherapy more effective and led to a drop in the levels of depression for more individuals that using regular therapies
During the past thirty years, concepts in the mental health profession have undergone continuous and dramatic changes. A relatively new type of therapy is musical therapy, which incorporates music into the healing process. Music therapy also is changing, and its concepts, procedures, and practices need constant reevaluation in order to meet new concepts of psychiatric treatment.
Music is known for its power of touching us internally, emotionally speaking. It is noted that music can relieve some of our sad or stress feelings. One can find himself taking a time to meditate situations of the everyday life while listening to music, submerging into melodies or rhythms to relieve emotional pain. It is also known that emotional pain can lead to physical pain or even diseases. A breakup, a discussion between you and a loved one, the feeling of failure in life can lead to depression and some people may find refuge in the music. Music nowadays is not only used as a psychological therapy but also as a rehabilitation therapy for physical and mental health concerns. Musical therapy has been well-known for being a big help
Music therapy can help some individual that suffers / suffered from disorders such as insomnia and also hastens healing . Music therapy provides positive effects of treatment for individuals with autism . Autism causes difficulty in communication to form a relationship of / to / between other people . Research shows that a person with autism has high talent for pitch processing , labelling of emotions through music compared to normally developing peers . Music therapy often uses / used in cancer treatment to help patient to reduce suffering caused by chemotherapy , improving their qualities of life . Studies show that playing music can help patient in medical procedures lower down their blood pressure , ease muscle tension and more . " What we've learned from our pain patients is that any intervention that can be distracting , relaxing , and enjoyable - whether it's music or another therapy - can decrease the experience of pain , " DrStanos says
Music is a very soothing art form. It has a very strong connection to our emotions. A lot of lyrics can really hit home and make us think of a memory or a feeling. Listening to music has a tremendous influence on our mood. When someone is listening to a slow song or classical music, they seem to relax a little more. “A variety of studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of music and/or music therapy techniques in inducing a relaxation response, both physiologically and psychologically” (“Search Music” 70). So, therefor, music therapy can help others in a great way. In phone interview with Bryanna Rust given on November 25th, 2015, Music therapy major at UND, she said “depending on the technique utilized by the therapist, the music used can help clear one 's mind of all the everyday hassles that are persisting in one’s lives. It is a healthy escape from reality.” Music has the power to slow down our heartbeat and cause us to relax. “In one study, college students performed an oral presentation with either Pachelbel 's Canon or no music in the background. Scientists found those lovely violins helped reduce anxiety, heart rate, and blood pressure in participants who presented with the tunes” (“The
Musical therapy is an often overlooked type of treatment that assess and treats the needs of patients through the use of music. As musical therapy’s popularity begins to grow, more questions begin to surface. Should doctors and therapists need to learn the importance of musical healing to help improve the condition of the patients? Many people wonder if music therapy is a thing. The answer is yes, music therapy is very much a thing. Music therapy is used within a therapeutic relationship to help with physical, emotional, and social needs of individuals. After assessing the strengths and needs of each client, the qualified music therapist provides the indicated treatment including creating, singing, moving to, and/or listening to music. Through
Holograms have been around for quite a while. Denis Gabor, a British Physicist, pioneered holographic technology in the 1940s (Glanz 736). In his research, he discovered that, "when a beam of coherent light scatters off an object and intersects with another coherent beam, the interference pattern created where the beams cross harbors a three dimensional image of the object . . . . The image will reappear when this 'hologram' is probed with a third beam of coherent light" (Glanz 736). Thus began the field of holography.
What makes you feel better when you’re sad or upset? Why do average human beings spend large amounts of money on tickets to concerts? Do you like to ride in the car without listening to the radio? The answers to these questions all relate to the common fact that people like music. However, for many, music is more than a form of entertainment. For many people music is the reason that they live. Music offers careers and music offers happiness. Music can also help people with speech, as well as various diseases and disorders. This is called music therapy. Music therapy is evidence based use of music interventions to accomplish goals within a therapeutic relationship by a professional who has completed a music therapy program. Music therapy is proven to have positive healing effects based on various strategies used since before it was officially categorized as a form of therapy.
Music therapy has been used in the medical industry for more than 60 years and there are many people who have no idea what it is. During W.W.I., music therapy in the United States began to develop when music was used in the Veterans Administration Hospitals as an intervention to address traumatic war injuries. There were several musicians who were not working and they would go to the Veteran hospitals to play for the injured soldiers. “Numerous doctors and nurses witnessed the effect music had on veterans' psychological, physiological, cognitive, and emotional state” (University Hospitals Health Systems, 2005-2008, para.2).
When experiencing certain physical and emotional pains, people often think that medication is the only cure. However, in recent years different ways of healing has broken through the old beliefs. One of these healing methods is music therapy. Music therapy is the prescribed use of music and melodies to help restore, maintain and improve the emotional, physical, psychological, and spiritual well being of an individual. Music therapy is a popular form of healing, it can affect our health in ways medicine cannot, and can also be performed at home when professional attention is unavailable. It is incredible that something used for leisure can be such a powerful healing agent.
Music has existed for centuries and brought joy to millions of souls. It has ingrained itself into multiple cultures and bears the capability of emotionally moving people with a few strums of a guitar. Music does not only serve as an enjoyable activity to destress; it can become a beneficial tool to help patients cope with illnesses. How could people use such a simple device to help others? The answer is music therapy. Music therapy harnesses positivity and brings smiles to patients’ faces as well as everyone else around them; it has much more power than we give it credit for. This kind of therapy consists of using instruments to support the family and patient. It first got documented in 1789 “in an unsigned article in Columbian Magazine titled
In 1838, Charles Wheatstone developed that the brain can process distinct two-dimensional images from each eye into a single three-dimensional object. Through a stereoscope, the individual is given a sense of and immersion by looking at both side by side stereoscopic pictures (“History Of Virtual Reality”, n.d.). (This has eventually advanced into the View-Master (F). In the 1930s, the first sources to a more modern idea of virtual reality came from a science fiction writer, Stanley G. Weinbaum which is the short story “Pygmalion’s Spectacles”. It explains the concept of a pair of goggle-based virtual reality system with a holographic recording of the fictional world such as smell, taste and touch.