Cognitive Valence Theory The next theory related to sexual coercion is cognitive valence theory. Created by Dr. Peter Anderson, CVT is a theory that focuses on the exchange of intimacy and non verbal messages and the response to it, in a relationship. Coming from the name of the theory itself, cognitive valences are mental outlines used to interpret interactions and behaviors which can be based off of culture, personality, relational and partner rewardingness, the situation and the “temporary state” of mind as well(Faw,2015). If the partner perceives the action given as a negative, then the interaction will possibly repel the partner receiving the action and if perceived as a positive schemata, then there is a likely chance for a positive outcome(Faw,2015). …show more content…
There is nothing positive about sexual coercion and a likely chance that the act of sexual coercion will create many negative reactions to many of the cognitive valences. For example, there may be a negative reaction to relational and partner rewardingness because the person that receives the negative act of sexual coercion may not see the person giving the act as rewarding, if anything they may not want to be near the other person, let alone touched. Also, they may see the relationship as a toll and mistake because it causes them harm emotionally and physically. Another valence that will create a negative reaction is the situation. This can relate to someone that has already been sexually coerced and may possibly getting ready for the act, and after the act for the first time. Cognitive valence theory shows that sexual coercion can create a negative outcome on a relationship and on an individual emotionally and …show more content…
Dr. corey floyd created this theory to focus on verbal and nonverbal affection display in close relationships in relation to physiology and darwin 's selective fitness. The argument is that humans communicate affection to one another because of human needs of survival and procreation. It is a relationship centered theory that focuses on the use of affection in relationships both short term and long term and is important to relationships and personal health ( Faw, 2015) Humans are born with the capacity to feel and need affection and because it is a natural want, it is important to give and receive affection. There are three behaviors that this theory looks at. The first one is direct-verbal, like saying “I love you”, then there is direct-non-verbal, like giving a hug and finally, there is indirect-nonverbal, like giving support(Floyd, 2001). The natural tendency to display affection is towards family, a spouse and offspring. Although it is important to a relationship and an individual 's health, there is a situational breach involved. Affection given is not always received in a positive way because of a tolerance level(Floyd,
" Sincere affection gives insight, intuition, understanding, and equips for service and shuts out greed and degrading ambition for place and power"(www.marxists.org)
H1 - There is a statistically significant difference in touching behaviour between male and female couples when observed in social situation.
The vast amount of research has provided several explanations to account for the behavior of the offenders and the low rate in which sexual assault cases initiate criminal proceedings through a variety of theoretical perspectives. These include the classical approaches that focus on the individual who has committed sexual assault and the positivist approaches that aim to explain the social factors that influence the prosecution rates th...
Cognitive, Cognitive Behavioral and Reality Theories. Cognitive Theory Cognitive theory is a learning approach in psychology that attempts to explain the behavior of humans by studying thoughts and reasoning processes. Cognitive theory is founded on many other factors like cognitive reasoning and social cognitive theory. Aaron Beck founded the theory and it is meant to understand the human behavior by observing the processes triggered by reasoning and individual thoughts.
Sexual abuse includes any sexual act in which one person has not agreed to it. A woman can be sexually abused by means of, but not limited to force, coercion, blackmail, threat, or embarrassment. Sexual abuse may occur when a woman is forced to perform, watch, or in any other way engage in sexual acts. This includes but is not limited to vaginal, anal and oral sex, fondling, touching, disrespect of privacy, such as showering, being forced to watch pornography or view pornographic pictures, being forced into sexual poses, or being verbally abused in a sexual manner (Morris and Biehl 36, Haley 14).
Sexual abuse is “The use of psychological abuse tactics to keep an intimate partner in a submissive position of power. Strategies include sexual degradation, non-contact unwanted sexual experience (e.g., being forced to watch pornography), and reproductive and sexual control,” (Bagwell-Gray, Messing, & Baldwin-White, 2015, p. 323). It is low in force, because non-physical control tactics are used, and it is low in invasiveness because no sexual penetration is involved. Sexual abuse is different than sexual coercion in that the perpetrator is not coercing sex but is rather controlling sex-related decision making. Some examples of sexually controlling acts are refusing to wear condoms, having sex outside the primary relationship, and birth control sabotage (Campbell & Soeken,
As a human trait, the sense of control is often at the forefront of violence. This sense of control can also be used to explain child sexual abuse and particularly why father-daughter incest is higher than mother-son incest. Male dominance in society is proven to be a factor influencing child sexual
Rape is considered to be one element in the “Big Six” of the most common sex-related crimes. It is defined as the unlawful act of sexual activity forced upon a person who did not or was unable to give willing to give consent. There are four main types of a rapist that center around their modus operandi: Power Reassurance, Anger Retaliation, Power Assertive, and Sadistic. The goals of a Power Reassurance rapist are to gain a validation of their status and to validate their sexual adequacy. They view the act as a reassurance of a mutual relationship between them and the victim, and they usually force the victim into acting out their sexual fantasies. This could be done by demanding that the victim talks dirty or by asking reassuring questions
The human psyche frequently experiences the phenomena of internal contradiction, followed by an internal struggle for some semblance of balance or consistency (Hall, 1998). Cognitive dissonance acts as motivation for people to behave in a manner that effectively reduces said dissonance and restores balance. Leon Festinger’s theory of cognitive dissonance explores this occurrence and the subsequent actions that people take in order to create a balance between their ideals.
Berne discusses the role of social intercourse as a primitive form of behavior. As infants, humans learn to beckon the attention of others by engaging in attention engaging behaviors (i.e., crying). Once we have gained the attention of others, more often than not our basic human needs are satisfied and the cycle repeats when necessary. Biologically speaking, this type of distress response served an evolutionary purpose; the needs of a growing infant are met, thus ensuring the infant’s healthy development. Having a healthy infant usually translates into having a healthy adult which will in turn procreate and preserve the existence of the species.
Personality can be defined as an individual’s characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling and acting. Many personality theorists have put forward claims as to where personality is derived from and how it develops throughout an individual’s life. The two main personality theories this essay will be focusing on is the Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) (Bandura, 1986) and the Trait Theory – Five Factor Theory (FFT) (McCrae and Costa, 1995). The SCT allocates a central role to cognitive, observational learning and self-regulatory processes (Bandura, 1986). An individual’s personality develops through experiences with their sociocultural environment. Whereas the Trait Theory proposes that all individuals are predisposed with five traits (Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, Agreeableness and Neuroticism) which determines our personality. This theory also puts forward that personality is stable and cannot change as it’s biologically determined.
For survival and growth it is essential that infants receive affection and regular interaction in order to ensure proper development and healthy attachment. Implications that impede healthy attachment are often the result lack of attention and stimulation from parent to child bonding. “This means that caressing a newborn, talking to a preverbal infant, and showing affection towards a toddler is essential for development” (Berger, 2011). To ensure that infants develop heathy attachments as oppose to unhealthy ones much lies with the care giver of the
Theoretical perspectives in the study of human behavior can easily be applied to cases in social work practice. The mental health field in particular lends itself to the application of different human behavior theories. Specifically, depression can be viewed through the lens of Social Cognitive Theory, or Social Cognitive Learning. There is one case of a woman with depression, whose name will be changed, that social cognitive theory can be applied to. Cheryl is a 58 year old woman who has been diagnosed with Major depressive disorder. She has had this diagnosis since she was 17 years old. Many of her symptoms and experiences can be viewed or explained in terms of social cognitive theory.
Despite how us humans are prone to communication, communication is a complex phenomena. That is why Personal and Scholarly concepts are made, to act as a guide, making communication easy. Personal theories are based on, one’s own observation about how they themself communicate. Scholarly theories and concepts are based on evidence and research. Though the fundamentals of personal and scholarly theory are different, they can often relate to each other. My two personal theories are related to non-verbal communication. While conversing, I have a tendency to avoid eye contact. I usually have to refrain myself from averting my eyes while conversing. My other non-verbal theory is about how I give different types of hugs, depending on the relationship
“Behavior theory consists of ideas about how human actions and emotions develop, are sustained, and are extinguished through principles of learning” (Walsh, 2010). Positive and negative reinforcement is used to help manipulate the behaviors of the individual. The theory has been used to help eliminate unwanted behaviors. In addition, behavior theory has been use primarily with children, and persons with developmental disabilities. According to Walsh (2010) behavior theory evolved in the 1960s from a field of philosophy to the field of science. Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, which plays a major role in behavioral theory. Classical conditioning is the process of learning through ones surroundings, conditioned, and unconditioned stimuli and response. B. F. Skinner discovered operant conditioning the process of learning to influence the future responses to the environment (Clark, 2004). The two concepts has been used throughout the behavior theory to help assist clients with unacceptable behaviors that is occurring. The combination of the two concepts has been a very helpful aspect to the behavior theory. Both concepts offer a different approach or solution to the behavior of the client.