The term “cognition” was first coined by George Moller and Michael Gazzanigia in 1970. Cognition includes people’s way of thinking, language, and memory; as a result, it encompasses the mental functions by which knowledge is acquired (Unconscious Cognition). Before giving the definition of Cognitive neuroscience, one must understand what neuroscience is. Neuroscience emerged after World War II in an effort to expand the traditional boundary of neurology (“neuroscience”, 2005). Cognition and neuroscience comprises the term which is widely known as “cognitive neuroscience”. As one of the psychological models, cognitive neuroscience has its own definition, Central idea, disorders, and treatments.
Definition
When combining the term cognition and
…show more content…
These impairments can be caused by accidents, childhood trauma, or degenerative cognitive diseases. The major type of disorders include: mental retardation, delirium, Dilantin toxicity, dementia, Down’s syndrome, PML, dissociation disorder, and korsakoff’s. These disorders can have different effects in people based on the stage of the disease. The disorders can be minor or severe. If the disorder is mild, the person having it can see some common changes in cognitive functioning, but still can lead his everyday life without much difficulty. On the other hand, if the disorder is malignant, the person losses most of the cognitive functions that helps during daily life. The cognitive functions that can be lost by the disorders include thinking clearly, understanding, self-control, and synthesizing and interpreting new information. Delirium and Dementia are the two major disorder related to …show more content…
Newer antipsychotics such as risperidone, clozapine, and olanzapine seem to produce gains in cognition, while older, typical neuroleptic medications (e.g., haloperidol, fluphenazine) do not (Keefe et al., 1999). As cognitive neuroscience is to thinking, the cognitive therapy helps people recognize their ways of thinking (Cognitive patterns). These thinking or pattern includes the negative or inaccurate ways of perceiving normal situations (Mayo Clinic staff, 2011). The therapies will able people to behave in a positive way by changing the persons thinking even if the immediate situation is a negative or bad
“Dementia as a clinical syndrome is characterised by global cognitive impairment, which represents a decline from previous level of functioning, and is associated with impairment in functional abilities and, in many cases, behavioural and psychiatric disturbances” https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK55480/
One of the major differences between humans and animals is our ability to reason and differentiate our actions from our instincts (Barrett, 2011, p. 3). Justin Barrett further explains this distinction in the first chapter of his book, Cognitive Science Religion and Theology. He explains that cognitive science recognizes the uniqueness of the human mind and focuses on explaining the thinking processes that take place(Barrett, 2011, p. 5). This may seem similar to what the field of neuroscience aims to do but, cognitive science is not as interested with the biological functions of the brain. Instead of looking at physical structures Barrett writes, that cognitive science focuses on broader processes such as perception, attention, memory, reasoning and learning (Barrett, 2011, p. 7). All of these processes interact with each other to create the big questions asked in cognitive science. Some of these big underlying questions of cognitive science are explored in this first chapter, questions such as “What is innate?” or “How are mind and bodies
These deficits include: perseveration, which is the inability to make behavioral shifts in attention, movement and attitude, decreased creativity, poor recall of verbal and nonverbal material, difficulty writing, and deficits in comprehension of logical-grammatical constructions (CJ Long 2005). Other effects of extensive lesions: - easily distracted - disturbances in memory - defects in time sense - decreased anxiety - less critical of oneself - difficulty with unfamiliar analogies - impulsivity
This branch of psychology focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, thought processes, problem solving ability, language and learning (Pearson). It focuses on how people think, remember, store, and use information that they are given (Pearson). Some of the key assumptions are that our behavior can be explained as a series of responses to stimuli and behavior is controlled by our own thought processes as opposed to genetic factors (Introduction). The biggest contributor to this perspective is Ulric Neisser, who is coined the “father of cognitive psychology”. He believed that the human brain worked similarly to how a computer collects data. When he was young he worked with another prominent cognitive psychologist George Miller, who was one of the founders of cognitive psychology and cognitive neuroscience. One of his most well known discoveries was his research on short term memory and how it is typically limited to only about seven pieces of information at a time. This approach explains how Sue’s life around her can shape her views of herself and cause her to have an eating
...2 Language. In Matter of mind: A neurologist's view of brain-behavior relationships (p. 12). Oxford: Oxford University Press
McCarthy, R., Warrington, E. (1990), Cognitive Neuropsychology: A Clinical Introduction. San Diego: Academic Press Ltd.
Alzheimer's disorder is a mental disorder that affects your brain, and in particular the disorder affects the memory part of your brain. The disorder slows down the memory section of your brain, and as a result the number one symptom of Alzheimer's is memory loss. The disorder usually doesn't affect younger people, but instead affects people that are older than the age of sixty. The disorder can get so serious that the patient could loss there of about everything that has ever happened in their life. Patients usually loss their memory of their childhood during the most severe, intense, and last stage of the disorder. Alzheimer's disorder can also have a drastic effect on the patient's family, because during the disorder the patient can forget about their entire family.
According to numerous references in the field of Psychology, a cognitive psychologist is an individual that studies topics such as thinking, problem-solving, learning, attention, memory, forgetting, and language acquisition, among several others. Cognitive psychology is the branch of psychology that studies mental processes, and its core focus is on how people acquire, process, and store information. While great research has been done within the field of psychology, there are individuals such as B.F. Skinner who criticize its strides, purposes, and research methods.
Neuroscience refers to “the scientific study of the nervous system” It has been responsible for breakthroughs involving molecular, cellular, developmental, and medical aspects of human behaviors. Various organizations such as the “International society for neurochemistry” and the “European Brain and behavior Society” exist today to further the study of the nervous system and expand human understanding of medical and psychological ailments. The actual study of the nervous system dates all the way back to ancient Egypt where surgeons would drill holes into the human skull in order to alleviate a variety of aliments. The second half of the 20th century furthered the study of neuroscience via advancements in Molecular biology, and electrophysiology. These advancements are currently being used to study potential solutions to diseases such as (ALS) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, strokes, and brain trauma. This research is funded by credible organizations such as the (NIH) National Institute of Health and the “National S...
For cognitive scientists and psychologists, the mind is that part of everyone that embodies our memories, thoughts, hopes, desires, beliefs, and experiences. On the other hand, the brain is an organ of the body. It is a collection of chemicals and blood vessels, cells and water th...
Wheeler, M. A., Stuss, D, t., & Tulving, D. (1997). Toward a theory of episodic memory: The frontal lobes and autonoetic consciousness: Psychological Bulletin, 121, 331-354
The clinical picture in dementia is very similar to delirium, except for the course. Delirium is an acute transitory disorder. By contrast Dementia is a long term progressive disorder (with the exception of the reversible dementias). The course of AD can range anywhere from 1.5 to 15 years with an average of about 8.1 years (Terry , 1988). AD is usually divided into three stages mild, moderate, and severe. Throughout these stages a specific sequence of cognitive deterioration is observed (Lezak, 1993). The mild stage begins with memory, attention, speed dependent activities, and abstract reasoning dysfunction. Also mild language impairments begin to surface. In the moderate stage, language deficits such as aphasia and apraxia become prominent. Dysfluency, paraphasias, and bizzare word combinations are common midstage speech defects. In the severe stage the patient is gradually reduced to a vegetative state. Speech becomes nonfluent, repetitive, and largely non-communicative. Auditory comprehension is exceedingly limited, with many patients displaying partial or complete mutism. Late in the course of the disease many neuropsychological functions can no longer be measured. Also primitive reflexes such as grasp and suck emerge. Death usually results from a disease such as pneumonia which overwhelms the limited vegetative functions of the patient.
Smith, E. E. and Kosslyn, S. M. (2009). Cognitive psychology: Mind and brain. New Jersey: Pearson Education
The human body is divided into many different parts called organs. All of the parts are controlled by an organ called the brain, which is located in the head. The brain weighs about 2. 75 pounds, and has a whitish-pink appearance. The brain is made up of many cells, and is the control centre of the body. The brain flashes messages out to all the other parts of the body.
Cognitive Psychology is focused on learning based on how people perceive, remember, think, speak and problem-solve. The cognitive perspective differs in...