Pancreatic cancer is when malignant cancer cells are found in the tissue of the pancreas. The pancreas is an organ found behind the stomach, in front of the spine. It is divided into three different sections: the head, body, and tail. The head is located at the wider end of the pancreas and the tail towards the narrow end. The pancreas is made up of two different glands. They are the exocrine and endocrine glands (Bethesda, 2013). The pancreas has two different functions. The exocrine gland secretes a pancreatic juice into the intestines. This secretion contains three different enzymes. They are pancreatic lipase, amylase, and proteolytic enzymes. These enzymes are secreted by acinar cells to help break fats, carbohydrates, and proteins that are ingested from the foods that we eat. It also secrete an aqueous alkaline solution into the ducts of the pancreas. This solution is secreted by the cells inside of the ducts (Sherwood, 2013).
Types
There are two different types of pancreatic tumors. They are exocrine tumors and endocrine tumors. Exocrine tumors are more common than endocrine tumors. Exocrine tumors accounts for 95% of pancreatic tumors. Exocrine tumors forms in the exocrine cells that help produce and secrete the pancreatic enzymes. Most of the exocrine tumors are consider to be adenocarcinomas (Pancreatic Exocrine Tumors, 2013). Endocrine tumors accounts for less than 5% of pancreatic tumors. They can either be benign or malignant tumors. Compared to exocrine tumors, the endocrine tumors grow much slower. Endocrine tumors are either functional meaning the produce hormones or nonfunctional meaning they cannot produce any hormones. Most of the functional endocrine tumors are benign while 90% of the n...
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Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most dangerous cancer in the United States, and the more we learn about it, the less deadly it becomes. This cancer begins in the Pancreas, a gland behind the stomach, that aides in digestion and disperses hormones critical to keep our body functioning. While many people have a mild understanding of pancreatic cancer, most do not realize that “pancreatic cancer” is an umbrella term for many different types of cancerous tumors. The most common of these is the adenocarcinoma, which begins in the ducts of the pancreas
The pancreas is an elongated and flattened gland located within the abdomen. Not only is it a vital part of the digestive system, but it is also a key controller of blood sugar levels. (The Pancreas). The pancreas has been divided into four regions which are the head, neck, body, and tail. Being the widest part of the pancreas, the head is twenty-three millimeters. The part of the head that hooks towards the back of the abdomen is the uncinate (Chronic Pancreatitis Imaging). Between the head and body of the pancreas is the neck, which is about nineteen millimeters. The body of the pancreas is twenty millimeters, between the neck and the tail. The tail is the smallest part of the pancreas, measuring at only fifteen millimeters. (Parts of the Pancreas). The length of the pancreas in total ranges from four point seven to seven point one inches. The pancreas also weighs from seventy to one-hundred grams (How does the Pancreas Work?).
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The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
Pancreatic transplantation is an established therapy for patients with type 1 DM. Discuss the evidence, the advantages and disadvantages and the outcomes of pancreatic transplantation. What other developments are they’re relating to beta-cell transplantation and what are the difficulties?
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The pancreas has two functions; to make enzymes that help digest fats and proteins and the other, to produce insulin that controls the blood sugar level called glucose. It consists of Islet cells (1 of 3 types), which are endocrine glands. This means the Islet cells secret the insulin directly into the blood stream. The pancreas contains many more of these Islet cells than the body needs to maintain a normal insulin level. Even when half of the pancreas is removed, the blood sugar level can still remain normal. The pancreas is also made up of exocrine glands, which produce enzymes for digestion.
Over 95% of colorectal cancers are ad enocarcinomas. These are cancers of the glandular cells that line the inside of the colon and rectum. Other, less common type of tumors may also develop in the colon and rectum. Carcinoid tumors develop from hormone-producing cells of the intestine. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors develop in the connective tissue and muscle layers in the wall of the colon and rectum. Lymphomas are cancers of immune system cells that typically develop in lymph nodes but may also start in the colon and rectum or other organs.
The endocrine system consists of six parts; pancreas hypothalamus, thyroid, pituitary gland, ovary, and adrenal gland. The pancreas is a large gland that produces hormones that regulate blood sugar; produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; and produces sodium bicarbonate, a base that neutralizes stomach acid. The hypothalamus is a brain structure that acts as a control center for recognition and analysis of hunger, thirst, fatigue, anger, and body temperature. The thyroid is a large gland in the neck that secretes (produces) hormones regulating growth through the rate of metabolism. The pituitary gland is in the base of the skull that secretes nine hormones that directly regulate many body functions and control the actions of several other endocrine glands. The ovary ( found in females) is a gonad that produces eggs. The adrenal glands are a pair of glands located above the kidneys, which produces epinephrine and norepinephrine. The endocrine system main function is to release hormones that affect activities of other cells.
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Mayo Clinic Staff (2012, September 15). Acute lymphocytic leukemia Risk factors - Diseases and Conditions - Mayo Clinic. Retrieved January 16, 2014, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/acute-lymphocytic-leukemia/basics/risk-factors/con-20042915
"Clinical Psychologist Salary - Average Clinical Psychologist Salaries - PayScale." PayScale - Salary Comparison, Salary Survey, Search Wages. 1 Mar. 2011. Web. 06 Mar. 2011. .
The exocrine function of the pancreas is that it produces enzymes that aids in the digestion of food. There are three important enzymes that are crucial in helping with digestion. The first digestive enzyme is amylase. Amylase function is to break down carbohydrates. The amylase enzyme is made in two places: the cells in the digestive tract that produces saliva and the main one specifically found in the pancreas that are called the pancreatic amylase (Marie, Joanne; Media Demand, “What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes”). The amylase in the pancreas passes through the pancreatic duct to the small intestines. This amylase in the pancreas completes the process of digestion of carbohydrates. Consequently, this leads to the production of glucose that gets absorbed into the bloodstream and gets carried throughout the body. The next enzyme that aids in digestion of food is protease. While amylase breaks down carbohydrates, protease breaks down protein. Protease breaks down protein into the building block form of amino acids. The three main proteases that it produces are: pepsin, trypsin and chymotrypsin (Marie, Joanne; Media Demand, “What Are the Functions of Amylase, Protease and Lipase Digestive Enzymes”). Pepsin does not occur in the pancreas but it is the catalysis in starting the digestion of proteins. Trypsin and chymotrypsin are the two proteases that occur in
Pancreas – The pancreas is located deep in the abdomen. The function of the pancreas in the endocrine system is to produce two hormones called insulin and glucagon. These two hormones maintain balance (homeostasis) in the blood sugar. The insulin produced enables the glucose that is created from the breakdown of carbohydrates to be used in the cells as energy. Glucagon raises the glucose level in the blood.